Microbiota-derived 3-Indolepropionic acid

Description:

: Several vector versions of this file are available. File:API → File:Microbiota-derived 3-Indolepropionic acid.svgFile:Microbiota-derived 3-Indolepropionic acid-notext.svg For more information, see Help:SVG.mw-parser-output.tpl-collapsible{text-align:left;border:1px solid Silver;margin:0.2em auto auto;width:100%;clear:both;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output.tpl-collapsible.tpl-collapsible-header{background:#CFC;padding:0.2em 0.3em;text-align:center;font-size:87%}body.ns-0.mw-parser-output.tpl-collapsible.tpl-collapsible-header{background:#EEF}.mw-parser-output.tpl-collapsible.tpl-collapsible-header>.tpl-collapsible-header-text{font-size:1.15%;font-size:calc(100%/0.87)}.mw-parser-output.tpl-collapsible.tpl-collapsible-warning{text-align:center;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output.tpl-collapsible.tpl-collapsible-content{border:1px solid Silver;padding:0.6em;background:White} In other languages. Alemannisch ∙ British English ∙ català ∙ Bahasa Indonesia ∙ dansk ∙ čeština ∙ Deutsch ∙ Bahasa Melayu ∙ sicilianu ∙ italiano ∙ русский ∙ eesti ∙ română ∙ Ido ∙ Esperanto ∙ беларуская (тарашкевіца) ∙ Scots ∙ Tiếng Việt ∙ português ∙ euskara ∙ English ∙ magyar ∙ vèneto ∙ Nederlands ∙ português do Brasil ∙ Türkçe ∙ slovenščina ∙ polski ∙ galego ∙ Ελληνικά ∙ lietuvių ∙ slovenčina ∙ македонски ∙ norsk bokmål ∙ español ∙ norsk ∙ svenska ∙ hrvatski ∙ Frysk ∙ français ∙ български ∙ suomi ∙ нохчийн ∙ Plattdüütsch ∙ occitan ∙ norsk nynorsk ∙ српски / srpski ∙ татарча/tatarça ∙ українська ∙ ქართული ∙ հայերեն ∙ বাংলা ∙ தமிழ் ∙ മലയാളം ∙ ไทย ∙ 한국어 ∙ 日本語 ∙ 中文 ∙ 中文（中国大陆） ∙ 中文（台灣） ∙ 中文（新加坡） ∙ 中文（简体） ∙ 中文（繁體） ∙ 中文（马来西亚） ∙ עברית ∙ العربية ∙ فارسی ∙ +/−. : . Summary[edit] Description: English: This diagram shows the metabolism of tryptophan to indole and indole derivatives in the colonic lumen. Clostridium sporogenes metabolizes indole into 3-indolepropionic acid (IPA), a highly potent neuroprotective antioxidant. In the intestine, IPA binds to pregnane X receptors (PXR) in intestinal cells, thereby facilitating mucosal homeostasis and barrier function. Following absorption and distribution to the brain, IPA confers a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease. Lactobacillus species metabolize indole into indole-3-aldehyde (I3A) which acts on the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in intestinal immune cells, in turn increasing interleukin-22 (IL-22) production. AhR activation markedly affects in gut immunity by supporting epithelial barrier function, increasing immune tolerance to commensal microbiota, and protecting against pathogenic infections. Indole itself acts as a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretagogue in intestinal L cells and as a ligand for AhR. Indole can also be metabolized by the liver to indoxyl sulfate, a compound that is detrimental to human health in high concentrations. Accumulation of indoxyl sulfate in blood plasma is toxic and associated with vascular disease and renal dysfunction. AST-120 (activated charcoal), an intestinal sorbent that is taken by mouth, adsorbs indole, in turn decreasing the concentration of indoxyl sulfate in blood plasma. Date: 21 April 2016. Source: (April 2016). "Microbial metabolism of dietary components to bioactive metabolites: opportunities for new therapeutic interventions". Genome Med 8 (1): 46. DOI:10.1186/s13073-016-0296-x. PMID 27102537. PMC: 4840492. Figure 1: Molecular mechanisms of action of indole and its metabolites on host physiology and disease. Author: Zhang LS, Davies SS.