Image of cup lichen

Description:

Habitat: wood-side of mixed forest mainly Picea abies, Fagus Sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, narrow alpine valley, half shadow, humid air, partially protected against direct rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 660 m (2.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: mossy soil. Ref.: V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer (2000), p52 V.Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembers, Ulmer (1995), Vol.1., p327 I.Dobson, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnof, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p255.