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Slo.: dolgospora griva (?) - Habitat: light mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, locally under canopies of dense stand of young Picea abies; in shade, no ground vegetations; moderately incline mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 4-6 deg C, elevation 935 m (3.070 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil covered by a layer of fallen off needles of Picea abies.Comments: Ramaria longispora was originally described as a fungus of the Pacific Northwestern United States in 1973. For decades it hasn't been recorded in Europe. However, Christan (2008) (Ref.2.) described it as present also in Europe in 2008. Also Hagar (2015) (Ref.:3.) is mentioning finds in Europe. Recently done mycological survey of the region of Triglav National Park, Slovenia revealed several finds in east Julian Alps (Ref.:4.). It has been found in four UTM sub-squares of this region so far.The traits of this find fit well to literature. This species is macroscopically easy to confuse with small fruit bodies of Ramaria largentii. But Ramaria largentii has clamped basidia and hypha and somewhat smaller spores. I was unable to find clamps. Spore and basidia dimensions fit very well to literature, as well as relatively long sterigmata (average 8 microns). Also a few exceptionally long and deformed spores, which are characteristically produced by Ramaria longispora (Ref.:2) have been observed. One is shown on Picture 1M (arrow).Growing solitary; fruit body dimensions: 6 cm tall and 3.5 cm wide; stipe solid, not branched up to 2.5 cm height and about 2 cm in diameter; smell mild, pleasant, fresh, on fruits (?); taste mild pleasant, mushroomy, not bitter; SP faint, pale ocher-yellow, oac806 (?), color uncertain.Spores warty. Dimensions: 11,9 [13,5 ; 14,2] 15,8 x 4,1 [4,6 ; 4,8] 5,3 microns; Q = 2,4 [2,8 ; 3] 3,5; N = 36; C = 95%; Me = 13,8 x 4,7 microns ; Qe = 2,9. Asci dimensions: 55,6 [66 ; 71,1] 81,5 x 7,3 [9,4 ; 10,4] 12,5 microns; Q = 4,9 [6,6 ; 7,4] 9,1; N = 26; C = 95%; Me = 68,6 x 9,9 microns; Qe = 7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (asci, hypha), in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R.L. Exeter, L. Norvell, E. Cazares, Ramaria of the Pacific Northwestern United States, Salem (1973), p 128. (2) J. Christan, Die Gattung Ramaria in Deutschland, IHW-Verlag (2008), p 218. (3) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 484.(4) Boletus Informaticus: http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_karta_sre.aspx?idorg=c8d733cc-0ff7-49b7-8b4c-f23687ade492
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Slo.: resasta zvezdica - Habitat: Northwest oriented steep mountain slope, mixed wood, predominantly Picea abies, found under Picea abies, calcareous ground, quite humid and shady place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.150 m (3.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil. - Comments: Growing in a small group of a few fruitbodies. - Spores warty, globose. Dimensions: 3.3 (SD = 0.2) x 3.2 (SD = 0.2) micr., Q = 1.05 (SD = 0.04), n = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: (1) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 438. 3-3,5 (2) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. 3-4 (3) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. 2,9-3,5 (4) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 109. 2,5-3,5
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Oregon Mycological Society
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Slo.: etverokraka zvezdica - Geastrum coronatum Scopoli - Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, moderately steep, southeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous skeletal ground covered by leaf and needles litter without ground vegetation, under Picea abies, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: on moss covering a small Picea abies stump in the last disintegration stage, decomposed to almost soil. - Comments: Genus Geastrum contains very attractive fungi, which almost all are rather uncommon, if not rare. Globose or onion shaped fruit bodies of many start to develop underground. The 'shell' of their fruit bodies consists of four distinct layers (with some exceptions). The outer three form so called exoperidium and the inner one is endoperidium, a 'sack', which contains spores. Exoperidium's outer layer consists of mycelium, the middle layer consists of fibers and the inner one is so called pseudoparenchymal layer. During growth the last one swells and breaks the exoperidium into star like shaped lappets, which curl backward and in this way push the fruit body out of the ground. In some species, like with Geastrum quadrifidum, the outer mycelial layer does not split together with other two layers of the exoperidium but falls off and forms a kind of 'bird's nest' in ground on top of which the fruit body sits. This white mycelial 'nest' can be seen on Fig. 3. The fruit body, when mature, cuts itself almost completely off the mycelium and stands free, like on legs made of exoperidium flaps. Only the far ends of the laps stay in connection with the 'nest'. In this way endoperidium with its 'chimney' (peristom) on top, through which clouds of spores rise like a 'smoke', is positioned as high as possible to facilitate spore spreading by the wind. - Geastrum quadrifidum is among the smallest species of about 50 of them worldwide (and ten of them described in Slovenian checklist (Ref.7)). It is a rare find. As its species name suggests it usually has four exoperidium 'legs'. However, sometimes, as in my find, it has five of them. - Growing solitary; exoperidium diameter 20 mm, endoperidium diameter 8 mm, its height (without the peristom 'beak') 7 mm; SP and spores on mass dark brown; smell none; taste not tested (too small). Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions excluding warts: 4.4 [5 ; 5.2] 5.7 x 4.1 [4.5 ; 4.7] 5.2 microns; Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5.1 x 4.6 microns; Qe = 1.1; number of warts per circumference: AVG = 12.1, SD = 1.2, N = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 116. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (3) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 519. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302.(5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 382.(6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. (7) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije (in Slovene), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (1998), p 29.
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Slo.: prisekani kijec - Habitat: Young open mixed wood, Picea abies and some Fagus sylvatica, mossy ground, quite moist and shaded, no sun during winter months, nearly flat calcareous terrain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 830 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy ground. - Comments: Spore print faint, color hard to decide: white-light gray (?). Spore dimensions: 10,6 (SD=0.9) x 5.6 (SD=0.5) micr., n=30. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 634.
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Slo.: opiasta griva - Habitat: Humid place in shade; mixed wood side; on an old compost heap made of plant and wood debris, kitchen waste and a lot of ashes and charcoal from a wood stove; almost flat terrain, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: compost hip. - Comments: Possibly Ramaria flaccida? Growing in a fairly large group, many fruitbodies, sporocarps 4-5 cm high (1.5 to 2 inches), SP ocher-brown, flesh not bruising green (as for R. flaccida), huge firm white mycelium. Spores almost smooth, dimensions: 7.1 (SD = 0.5) x 3.8 (SD = 0.2) micr., Q = 1.87 (SD = 0.14), n = 30. Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 648. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. (4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1035. (5) R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 141. (6) http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=356845 (for R. flaccida).
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Slo.: janeeva griva - syn.: Ramaria palmata (Pers.) Quelet - Habitat: conifer wood, river bank, in transition slope between two alluvial terraces, calcareous ground, overgrown river deposits, sand and gravel, in shade, humid place, under Picea abies, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.850 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: among mosses on organic litter on soil. - Comments: Proper determination of Ramaria species is almost always above my capabilities. They are very variable and never quite the same. There are many of them and they change their habitus and colors during life cycle very much. In 'traditional', non-specialized literature, they are regularly treated only briefly. Too 'hot terrain' for non-professionals! So, for an amateur there are usually only small chances for a reliable determination. - Surprisingly, with this find the key published in Ref.: 2. led me directly to Ramaria gracilis with no ambiguities. The key features are small size, very delicate fruit bodies, white color and characteristic fragrant smell. Other traits, as well as habitat, fit well too. - Ramaria gracilis seems to be quite a rare find in Slovenia. Only a few records are in the Slovenian 'Boletus Informaticus myco-data base. Literature states the same for other European countries. The species was extinct from Netherlands already in 1900 (Ref.:2). - Growing in rows of more than 10 sporocarps; sporocarps up to 6 cm tall and 3.5-4.5 cm wide; stipe up to 7 mm thick; smell pleasant, on sweets, cakes, anise; taste mild, pleasant, mushroomy; SP abundant, yellowish with slight green tin (oac5) when fresh and when dry pale ocher, oac813; fresh sporocarps white, dry sporocarps light ocher, oac855; 5% KOH reaction on trama orange-brown, oac805. - Spores unregularly warty. Dimensions: 5,9 [6,4 ; 6,6] 7,1 x 3,3 [3,5 ; 3,6] 3,9 microns; Q = 1,6 [1,8] 2; N = 45; C = 95%; Me = 6,5 x 3,6 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF. - Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 464. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 79. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, vol.2.,Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 366. (4) E. Shield, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava, Z. Mykol. Vol. 44, No. 2, (1978), pp 171-178.
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Slo.:edna griva - Habitat: northeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; calcareous ground, in shade, relatively cold and humid place near a small stream, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 725 m (2.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: leaf litter and soil under Fagus sylvatica. - Comments: Determination of vividly colored (yellow-orange-reddish-pinkish) Ramarias to species level is a hard nut. Microscopy is almost a must. The fungi photographed in this observation have simple septa without clamps. I spent quite some time trying to find clamps in the subhymenium of the branches as well as in the trunk. Only two or three features resembling clamps have been found while vast majority of septa of thin as well as of thick hypha have simple septa. This rules out Ramaria flavescens although other morphological traits, habitat and most of the studied microscopic properties fit well to the find. Similar situation can be assumed for Ramaria Formosa, Ramaria lutea and Ramaria aurea, which all have clamps. Ramaria subbotrytis doesn't have clamps but can be ruled out based on spore and basidia dimensions, which clearly don't fit to measured values. The best candidate seems to be Ramaria neoformosa. All studied macro- and micro traits fit quite well to the find. Only slightly too long spores are to some extent disturbing. Since I havent found any other better option I am staying with this one. Admittedly I don't have descriptions of all of them. They are many. Krieglsteiner (2000) estimates 80 of them in Europe and about 200 worldwide while Arora (1986) assumes about 100 species for America.So, a mistake cannot be ruled out. - Growing in line of about six sporocarps within a range of approximately five by one meters; fruit body dimensions up to 12 cm tall and 12 cm wide, the largest weighting 300 g; stump massive, up to 4.5 cm tall and 5 cm wide, branches toward their ends full and round in cross-section, 1-2(3) mm in diameter; fruit body ochre-orange-pink, oac763 (in sRGB color space R245/G173/B127); stump trama white, marmorated, toward edges of cross-section gradually changing to pinkish-orange; does not discolor with time or when bruised; fibrous when dry, not chalky; 5% KOH reaction on stump trama almost none (slightly darker), on branches not strong but distinctive, reddish-pinkish (pale color of oranges); taste mild, indistinctive, after a while slightly bitter; smell mild, pleasant; SP abundant, yellow-ochre-orange, oac812. - Almost all hypha of subhymenium and stump trama have simple septa. Only a few apparently clamps have been observed in subhymenium. Spores warty. Dimensions: 11 [12 ; 12,4] 13,4 x 4,7 [5,2 ; 5,4] 5,9 ; Q = 2 [2,3 ; 2,4] 2,6; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 12,2 x 5,3 ; Qe = 2,3. Basidia narrowly clavate. Dimensions: 54,9 [61,6 ; 66,4] 73,1 x 8,1 [9,7 ; 10,8] 12,4 ; Q = 4,8 [5,9 ; 6,7] 7,8; N = 14; C = 95%; Me = 64 x 10,3 mm; Qe = 6,3. Hypha thickness: 2.5 [5.6 ; 6.6] 9.7 microns; Me = 6.1 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (basidia, hypha), in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Note: Spore dimensions in Breitenbach (1986), p362 reported from Schild (1978) and those reported by MycoBank from the same source differ. Also spore dimensions given in the text in Breitenbach (1986), pp 362 and measured from the picture in the same source (p363) differ significantly (?). - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 362. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p64 and p82. (3) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava, Z. Mykol., Vol.44(2) (1978), p171 (cited in Breitenbach (1986)). (4) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava? Zeitschrift fr Mykologie, 44(2) (1978):171-178. (cited in MycoBank under description of Ramaria flavescens). 5) http://www.flickriver.com/photos/camptorus/tags/ramarianeoformosa/ (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 645.
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"Longitude (deg): -2.2. Latitude (deg): 51.6. Longitude (deg/min): 2ð 10' W. Latitude (deg/min): 51ð 40' N. Vice county name: East Glos. Vice county no.: 33. Country: England. Stage: Fruitbody. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Category: standard photograph or close-up. Photographic equipment used: ""35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner."". "
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"Longitude (deg): 0.8. Latitude (deg): 52.9. Longitude (deg/min): 0ð 50' E. Latitude (deg/min): 52ð 60' N. Vice county name: West Norfolk. Vice county no.: 28. Country: England. Stage: Fruitbody. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Comment: in sand dunes. Category: standard photograph or close-up. Photographic equipment used: ""35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner."". "