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Summary[
edit] Description: Français : L'Agaric dryophile. Agaricus dryophilus, on trouve tres frequemment toute l'année ce champignon dans nos bois, il vient sur la terre, sur les feuilles mortes, parmi la mousse, les herbages, etc., son chapeau est mince lisse et sans stries à moins qu'il n'approche du terme de son dépérissement; ses feulliets sont tres étroits à leur sommet et élargis à leur bases ou ils se terminent brusquement pour former avec le pédicule un angle rentrant et profond, son pédicule est fistuleux, uni un peu évasé du haut et ordinairement d'une couleur differente du chapeau.. nous n'avons point de champignon qui soit plus que celui-ci sujet à varier de couleur et de forme et qui dans le meme terrain ait des dimensions si differentes; soupconneroit-on par exemple que ceux representés par les fig. A, B, C, fussent de la meme espece que ceux des fig. D, E, F, cependant ils ne sont tous que des variétés d'une seule et meme espece, si on en observe avec attention les nuances intermediaires il ne reste pas le moindre doute à cet égard. English: [Translation of the caption] Agaricus dryophilus is found very frequently all year in our woods; it grows on soil, on dead leaves, amongst moss, grass etc.; its cap is thin, smooth, and without striation at least until it approaches the end of its process of decay; the gills are very narrow at the outside and thickened at the base where they terminate suddenly to meet the stipe higher up forming a deep concavity; the stipe is tubular, a bit expanded at the top and normally of a different colour from the cap.. we have no other mushroom more subject to variations in colour and form than this one, nor with such differences in dimensions in the same locality. One might doubt, for example, that the specimens marked A., B., C. in the illustration were the same species as those marked D., E., F.; nevertheless they are all only varieties of one and the same species, and if one regards attentively the intermediate gradations in form, there can be no question about this. Date: 1793. Source: Jean Baptiste François Bulliard: Histoire des champignons de la France 2, 1793, plate 434. Author: Jean Baptiste François Bulliard.
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Slo.: vitka korenovka - syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Krieglsteiner - Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches. - Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range. - Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem,si (2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69 (3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263 (4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232. (5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37 (9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174. (11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Slo.: vitka korenovka - syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Krieglsteiner - Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches. - Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range. - Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem,si (2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69 (3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263 (4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232. (5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37 (9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174. (11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Slo.: vitka korenovka - syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Krieglsteiner - Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches. - Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range. - Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem,si (2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69 (3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263 (4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232. (5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37 (9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174. (11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Slo.: vitka korenovka - syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Krieglsteiner - Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches. - Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range. - Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem,si (2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69 (3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263 (4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232. (5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37 (9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174. (11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Slo.: vitka korenovka - syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Krieglsteiner - Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches. - Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range. - Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem,si (2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69 (3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263 (4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232. (5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37 (9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174. (11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Slo.: vitka korenovka - syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Krieglsteiner - Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches. - Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range. - Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem,si (2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69 (3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263 (4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232. (5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37 (9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174. (11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.:Fr.) Murr, syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) KrieglsteinerRusset Toughshank, DE: Waldfreund-RublingSlo.: vitka korenovkaDat.: Aug. 02. 2014Lat.: 46.44150 Long.: 13.64420Code: Bot_821/2014_DSC2477Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches.Place: Mt. Mangart's flats, east of the beginning of Mt. Mangart terminal road loop, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range.Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem,si(2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69(3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263(4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232.(5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37(9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174.(11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Slo.: vitka korenovka - syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Krieglsteiner - Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches. - Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range. - Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem,si (2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69 (3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263 (4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232. (5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37 (9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174. (11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.:Fr.) Murr, syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) KrieglsteinerRusset Toughshank, DE: Waldfreund-RublingSlo.: vitka korenovkaDat.: Aug. 02. 2014Lat.: 46.44150 Long.: 13.64420Code: Bot_821/2014_DSC2477Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches.Place: Mt. Mangart's flats, east of the beginning of Mt. Mangart terminal road loop, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range.Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem,si(2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69(3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263(4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232.(5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37(9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174.(11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Slo.: vitka korenovka - syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Krieglsteiner - Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches. - Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range. - Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem,si (2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69 (3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263 (4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232. (5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37 (9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174. (11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Gymnopus dryophilus (Bull.:Fr.) Murr, syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) KrieglsteinerRusset Toughshank, DE: Waldfreund-RublingSlo.: vitka korenovkaDat.: Aug. 02. 2014Lat.: 46.44150 Long.: 13.64420Code: Bot_821/2014_DSC2477Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches.Place: Mt. Mangart's flats, east of the beginning of Mt. Mangart terminal road loop, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range.Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot,
www.gobenabovskem,si(2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69(3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263(4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232.(5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37(9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174.(11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.
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Slo.: vitka korenovka - syn.: Collybia dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Kumm., Collybia aquosa var. dryophila (Bull.: Fr.) Krieglsteiner - Habitat: alpine grassland, almost flat terrain, shallow calcareous skeletal ground with some silicate, relatively dry and warm place, full sun; exposed to direct rain; growing among Rhododendron hirsutum, Homogyne alpina, Antenaria carpatica, Dryas octopetala, Salix retusa, Helianthemum sp., Polygonum viviparum, Alchemilla sp., Potentilla crantzii, Trifolium montanum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Thymus serpyllum agg., Centraria islandica; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, elevation 1.975 m (6.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: apparently soil and debris of Dryas octopetala roots and branches. - Comments: Gymnopus dryophilus is a saprophytic species. Standard books generally consider it growing in all kinds of woods under trees (Ref.:7 and elsewhere). Its Latin species name suggests the same - 'dryophilus' means 'oak loving'. Similarly does its German name - 'Waldfreund' means 'friend of woods'. It is most common in submontane elevations 400-600 m (Ref.: 6.). That is why I was initially reluctant regarding my determination of these fungi found in open stony grassland far of any trees in an alpine phytogeographical region at around 2.000 m (6.500 feet) elevation. Later I realized that the species has been found in similar habitats also at significantly higher elevations than this: in Stubaier Alps, Austria (Ref.: 2) and Italian West Alps (Ref.:5), in Switzerland (Ref. 3), in Pyrenees (Ref.:4) and elsewhere outside of its 'traditional' habitats, for example in glacier forefront in Scandinavia (Ref. 8). Apparently the species must have a very broad ecological range. - Growing mostly in groups of a few to several fruit bodies. Over 40 pilei were found in a plot of about 4 x 4 m. Pileus diameter 4(6) cm, stipe up to 8 cm long and up to 8 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive, mild and mushroomy; SP white. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 6.6 [7.1 ; 7.3] 7.8 x 3.2 [3.5 ; 3.7] 3.9 microns, Q = 1.8 [2] 2.2; N = 40; C = 95%, Me = 7.2 x 3.6 microns; Qe = 2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores) and NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC Natural History Center, Tolmin, SI and Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem,si (2) H. Besl, Beitrge zur Kryptogamen flora im Gebiet der Neuen Regensburger Hutte (Stubaier Alpen, sterreich), Hoppea, Denkschr. Regensb. Bot. Ges., Vol.61 (2000), pp57-69 (3) B. Senn-Irlet, Macromycetes in alpine bed communities - mycocoenological investigations, Acta Bot. Neerl., Vol. 37(2) (1988), pp 251-263 (4) J. Vila, J. Llistosella, X. Llimona, Contribucio al Coneixement dels fongs de l'estatge Alpi dels Pirineus de Catalunya, Rev. Catal. Micol., Vol. 20. (1997), pp 221-232. (5) G.L. Bue, F. Montachhhini, A. Ceruti, Macromycetes of the alpine belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by multivariate methods, Coenoses, Vol. 9(3). (1994), pp 103-153 (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 206. (7) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 215. (8) G. Alfredsen, K. Hiland, Succession of terrestrial macrofungi along a deglaciation gradient at Glacier Blisen, South Norway, Nord. J. of Botany, Vol 21(1) (2001), pp 19-37 (9) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 122. (10) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 174. (11) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 178.