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K+R reaction of medulla
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Slo.: mali rjavi uljevec (?) - syn.: Physcia pusilla Mereschk., Physcia pusilloides Zahlbr.- Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of a stand-alone, medium size, recently cut down Juglans regia; on medium size and smaller branches. Comment: Phaeophyscia pusilloides is another beautiful and in my region quite rare (Ref.:4) foliose lichen. It is known from Europe and East America. A characteristic trait of this species is semi-globular soralia produced on somewhat uplifted tips of the terminal thallus lobes. Soredia are distinctly lighter in color than thallus, greenish and farinous-granular. Apothecia are said to be rare (Ref.:1) or occasional (Ref.:2), however on this tree they were frequent. Lower side of the thallus is covered with zillions of simple black rhizines, which are very apparent. Also the apothecia have an interesting corona of black rhizines growing from their outer lower surface (Pic. 3). The species is dark gray or almost black when dry.On this tree, laying on ground, about 25 different lichens have been observed.Ref.:(1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 543.(2) http://lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=55099 (accessed 3.2.2018)(3) http://www.waysofenlichenment.net/lichens/Phaeophyscia%20pusilloides (accessed 2.2.2018)(4) http://dryades.units.it/italic/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=1707 (accessed 3.2.2018)
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Habitat: At the tree line, S faced steep alpine grassland, open space, partly exposed to sun and rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.900 m (6.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of a Larix decidua tree near its base, west oriented.
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Compilation of multiple photos taken at different points in time; taken both in field and in lab.
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Slo.: ? - syn.: Physconia pulverulacea Moberg. Lichen distortus With. - Habitat: tree hedge between abandoned pastures; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: bark of medium and small size branches of (almost) stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. - Comment: Physconia distorta is a widespread and common foliose lichen growing almost on the whole world. After longer rains, when it is soaked with rain it is deep green and beautiful, while when dry, it is dark brown, brown-grayish or gray and much less attractive. The species can be recognized by: usually abundant apothecia (see Pic.3), thallus without soralia, soredia, maculae or cilia and abundant black, bottle-brush-like rhizines (see Pic.10) forming a dense mat on the underside of the thallus (see Pic.8). Thallus underside is dark in older parts but much lighter toward the edges and rhizines are almost simple on the thallus margins.The upper canopy branches of the tree examined were full of specimens of this species. Pictures taken after several rainy days, except Pic.9 and 17, which show dry specimen.Ref.:(1) V. Wirth, R. Dll, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 86.(2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 728.(3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 343.(4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society (2009), p 704.
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Slo.: islandski lisaj, islandski mah
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Slo.: ? - Syn.: Parmelia pastillifera (Harm.) R. Schub. & Klem., Parmelia tiliacea var. pastillifera (Harm.) Grummann - Habitat: tree hedge between abandoned pastures; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of medium and small size branches of (almost) stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia.Comment: Parmelina pastillifera is a small to middle-size but beautiful and conspicuous lichen. Its rosettes 2-7(10) cm in diameter are characteristic by its light mineral-gray to whitish appearance with blue tint, appressed to substrate lobes with a thin, dark edge and few short cilia. Thallus underside is black (but lighter near the edge) with crowded, simple, black rhizines. The species loves precipitations. So, no wander it feels well in Trenta valley with its about 3.000 mm (120 inches) of rain per year.However, there exists another, more frequent species, Parmelina tiliacea, which is very similar to Parmelina pastillifera. It is practically impossible to distinguish both by habit only. In spite of this, they can be easily separated by observing their isidia (magnifying glass required). Both species have isidia when grown up. Parmelina pastillifera has black, button- or bun-shaped isidia, many of them are stalked. When they break off a small, white scar remains on the thallus surface (Ref.: 2) (see picture 7). On the other side Parmelina tiliacea has dark brown, cylindrical or coralloid isidia. Both species are rather rare and on the Red List at least in Germany (Ref.:5). In this observation many specimens were growing on branches (having 24 cm in diameter) of this tree. All of them were sterile (without apothecia), which is almost always the case.Ref.:(1) C.W. Smith, et al, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 657.(2) V. Wirth, R. Dll, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 74.(3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 665.(4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 305.(5) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 74.(6) http://www.lichens.lastdragon.org/Parmelina_pastillifera.html (accessed Feb. 17. 2018)
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Slo.: ? - syn.: Callopisma rupestre f. incrustans (DC.) Walt. Watson, Caloplaca incrustans (DC.) Flagey, Lecanora incrustans (DC.) Ach., Lecidea incrustans (DC.) Chevall., Lecidea incrustans (DC.) Chevall. - Habitat: man made stone wall delimiting former pastures now partly overgrown with bushes and trees; slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; calcareous ground; partly in shade; relatively dry and warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 580 m (1.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: +/- vertical hard calcareous rock surface. - Comment: Genus Protoblastenia is comprised by lichens living on rock (saxicolous). Their thallus is crustose or grows within solid rock (endolithic) or it is something in between these two options. These lichens have usually yellow, orange or red apothecia and simple cell spores (Ref.:3). Their similarity to Caloplaca species on macroscopic level causes frequent confusions. However, Caloplaca species have two celled spores (septate spores), which distinguish them from Protoblastenia species with certainty. - Protoblastenia incrustans is a common lichen, but it is certainly many times overlooked. Namely, thallus is usually endolithic and consequently hard to be seen. Its apothecia are very small, from only 200 to 500 microns in diameter (Ref.:3) and can also hardly be seen by naked eye in spite of the fact that they are bright yellow-orange color. Characteristically, its apothecia sit in small pits in the rock. Their surface is from slightly concave to slightly convex shape, most of them are nearly flat. This species is an arctic-alpine element (Ref.:5). - Ref.:(1) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 364.(2) http://www.dorsetnature.co.uk/pages-lichen/lch-387.html (accessed 28.2.2018) (3) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 750.(4) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 773.(5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 586.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: a group of trees in an alpine meadow near mixed wood-side, sun exposure 40%, E orientation, flat ground, precipitations > 3.000 mm/year, partly protected from direct rain, air humidity medium to high, alpine phytogeographical region. Substrata: Salix sp. bark, 1.5 m above ground, E oriented Determination uncertain, possibly Ramalina fastigiata
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Slo.name: ? Habitat: Rock in midst of grassland below scree slopes, fully exposed to sun and precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 630 m (2.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: nearly horizontal, bare surface of a calcareous rock. Determination not sure.
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Compilation of multiple photos taken at different points in time; taken both in field and in lab.
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Slo.: napihnjena hipogimnija - syn.: Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach., Menegazzia physodes (L.) Navs, - Habitat: mountain pasture with a standalone group of three Larix decidua trees, slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; open, sunny, relatively warm place; calcareous colluvial, skeletal ground; partly protected from direct rain precipitations by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.970 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: thin dry branch of Larix decidua. Comment: Hypogymnia physodes is one of the most common lichens in the region. In Trenta valley one can find it most often on branches and trunks of conifers, particularly of solitary or in small group standing Larix decidua trees. Sometimes the trees appear grayish from far because of it. It grows almost everywhere on different substrata including trees, rocks, moss, heather stems, etc.. Because it is present almost everywhere and medium sensitive for air pollution, it plays a major role in such studies. It excellently 'measures' air pollution with heavy metals. My pictures show the lichen in almost dry state, however, the Picture 2 shows the same specimen as the Picture 1, but after a rainy day. The color of the lichen changes significantly from bluish to greenish.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 428.(2) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 438.(3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 192.
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