-
Slo.: rnomekinasta mraznica - syn.: Armillariella ostoyae Romagn, Armillaria obscura (Schaeff.) Herink, Armilaria polymyces (Pers. ex Gray) Singer & Clemencon - Habitat: A widening of a dirt forest road lightly overgrown with grasses and other green plants, semi ruderal place of former forestry activities; mountain slope, south aspect; relatively warm place; locally flat, calcareous ground with a lot of half buried and buried Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica thrown away wood pieces; sunny, open place, exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 870 m (2.850 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: sand and gravel with buried pieces of wood; most probably on Picea abies.Comments: Not so far ago this find would be named Armillaria mellea (s.lat.) (aggregate). This group of very variable mushrooms is, based on inter-fertility tests, now divided into Armillaria borealis, Armillaria cepistipes, Armillaria gallica and Armillaria ostoyae (Ref.:1). Armillaria ostoyae is distinguished from other three species by its relatively dark colors, red-brown hut covered by dark scales, which are denser at its center, but extend just to the edge of the hut (and can be washed off by heavy rains). Also, its distinct, white, felted stipe ring resembles a cogwheel with brown tufted tips of the 'teeth' (see Picture 3. and 6.) This mushroom is a virulent parasite on live trees but continues to grow as a saprophyte on its victims, when they are dead. In my environment it is a rather common species usually found on stumps of Picea abies, often in large to very large colonies. This find shows rather old fruitbodies being unusual regarding their habitat. Several tens of mushrooms were growing virtually on sandy and stony flat surface of a dirt road side. However, closer inspection showed that the ground is full of buried wood, most probably of Picea abies.Mushrooms were growing in several dense, tufted groups of several fruit bodies; pileus diameter about 5 (7) cm; taste unpleasant, smell faint, indistinctive; SP abundant, whitish.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.3 [8.4 ; 8.9] 10 x 5.5 [6.2 ; 6.5] 7.2 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.3 ; 1.4] 1.6; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 6.4 microns; Qe = 1.4. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.:(1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 4., Ulmer (2001), p 124.(2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 190. (3) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 101. (4) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.4., Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 138. (5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 68.
-
Slo.: rnomekinasta mraznica - syn.: Armillariella ostoyae Romagn, Armillaria obscura (Schaeff.) Herink, Armilaria polymyces (Pers. ex Gray) Singer & Clemencon - Habitat: A widening of a dirt forest road lightly overgrown with grasses and other green plants, semi ruderal place of former forestry activities; mountain slope, south aspect; relatively warm place; locally flat, calcareous ground with a lot of half buried and buried Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica thrown away wood pieces; sunny, open place, exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevation 870 m (2.850 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: sand and gravel with buried pieces of wood; most probably on Picea abies. Comments: Not so far ago this find would be named Armillaria mellea (s.lat.) (aggregate). This group of very variable mushrooms is, based on inter-fertility tests, now divided into Armillaria borealis, Armillaria cepistipes, Armillaria gallica and Armillaria ostoyae (Ref.:1). Armillaria ostoyae is distinguished from other three species by its relatively dark colors, red-brown hut covered by dark scales, which are denser at its center, but extend just to the edge of the hut (and can be washed off by heavy rains). Also, its distinct, white, felted stipe ring resembles a cogwheel with brown tufted tips of the 'teeth' (see Picture 3. and 6.) This mushroom is a virulent parasite on live trees but continues to grow as a saprophyte on its victims, when they are dead. In my environment it is a rather common species usually found on stumps of Picea abies, often in large to very large colonies. This find shows rather old fruitbodies being unusual regarding their habitat. Several tens of mushrooms were growing virtually on sandy and stony flat surface of a dirt road side. However, closer inspection showed that the ground is full of buried wood, most probably of Picea abies. Mushrooms were growing in several dense, tufted groups of several fruit bodies; pileus diameter about 5 (7) cm; taste unpleasant, smell faint, indistinctive; SP abundant, whitish. Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.3 [8.4 ; 8.9] 10 x 5.5 [6.2 ; 6.5] 7.2 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.3 ; 1.4] 1.6; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 6.4 microns; Qe = 1.4. Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 4., Ulmer (2001), p 124. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 190. (3) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 101. (4) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.4., Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 138. (5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 68.
-
Slo.: golobija kolobarnica - syn.: Tricholoma album ss. Kuhner & Romagnesi 1953, Gyrophila lasciva (Fr.) Qul. - Habitat: slightly inside light, mixed, unmaintained forest edge with many shrubs; Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Rubus sp. etc. present; near a small water stream; flat terrain; cretaceous clastic rock (flysh) bedrock with some limestone; humid place, mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 460 m (1.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil.Comments: There exist four whitish species with similar habit in the genus Tricholoma: Tricholoma album, Tricholoma columbetta, Tricholoma inamoenum and Tricholoma lascivum. Also nomenclature history of these species is 'difficult'. Hence confusion and misidentifications are frequent. From this reason some experts consider published distribution ranges of these species as questionable. MycoBank (Ref.7) states: 'Real distribution poorly known because of the taxonomic confusion with similar species'.This find was at first (based on habit) recognized as Tricholoma inamoenum. However, measured spore dimensions were much too small. Their dimensions and particularly narrow spores (Q exceeding 1.6) speaks in favor of Tricholoma lascivum. Also other macro traits and habitat seems to fit reasonably well to this determination. On the other hand, Tricholoma album is a symbiont with Betula or Quercus, which were not present in the vicinity. Tricholoma columbetta is practically without odor (Ref. 2 and 3) while the find had strong, unpleasant smell on gas or chemistry. Tricholoma album and Tricholoma columbetta also have somewhat smaller spores, while, Tricholoma inamoenum has significantly larger spores.Description: Several fruitbodies present, some clustered; pilei diameter up to 3 - 7(8) cm; smell strong, unpleasant, on gas or some chemistry; taste not tested; SP abundant, white.Spores smooth. Dimensions: (6) 6,3 - 7,6 (8) x (3,5) 3,8 - 4,5 (4,8) microns; Q = (1,4) 1,5 - 1,9 (2,1); N = 35; Me = 6,9 x 4,1 microns; Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); in water; fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.: (1) C. Bas, Th.W.Kuyper, M.E. Nordeloos, E.C. Vellinga (eds.), Flora Agaricina Neerlandica, A.A. Balkema, Vol.4. (1999), p 145.(2) M.Christensen, J. Heilmann-Clausen, The genus Tricholoma, Fungi of Northern Europe, Vol.4. (2013), p 186.(3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 330.(4) https://www.myko.cz/myko-atlas/Tricholoma-lascivum/ (accessed Nov. 4. 2017) (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 568.(6) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 154.
-
Slo.: golobija kolobarnica - syn.: Tricholoma album ss. Kuhner & Romagnesi 1953, Gyrophila lasciva (Fr.) Qul. - Habitat: slightly inside light, mixed, unmaintained forest edge with many shrubs; Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Rubus sp. etc. present; near a small water stream; flat terrain; cretaceous clastic rock (flysh) bedrock with some limestone; humid place, mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 460 m (1.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: There exist four whitish species with similar habit in the genus Tricholoma: Tricholoma album, Tricholoma columbetta, Tricholoma inamoenum and Tricholoma lascivum. Also nomenclature history of these species is 'difficult'. Hence confusion and misidentifications are frequent. From this reason some experts consider published distribution ranges of these species as questionable. MycoBank (Ref.7) states: 'Real distribution poorly known because of the taxonomic confusion with similar species'. This find was at first (based on habit) recognized as Tricholoma inamoenum. However, measured spore dimensions were much too small. Their dimensions and particularly narrow spores (Q exceeding 1.6) speaks in favor of Tricholoma lascivum. Also other macro traits and habitat seems to fit reasonably well to this determination. On the other hand, Tricholoma album is a symbiont with Betula or Quercus, which were not present in the vicinity. Tricholoma columbetta is practically without odor (Ref. 2 and 3) while the find had strong, unpleasant smell on gas or chemistry. Tricholoma album and Tricholoma columbetta also have somewhat smaller spores, while, Tricholoma inamoenum has significantly larger spores. Description: Several fruitbodies present, some clustered; pilei diameter up to 3 - 7(8) cm; smell strong, unpleasant, on gas or some chemistry; taste not tested; SP abundant, white. Spores smooth. Dimensions: (6) 6,3 - 7,6 (8) x (3,5) 3,8 - 4,5 (4,8) microns; Q = (1,4) 1,5 - 1,9 (2,1); N = 35; Me = 6,9 x 4,1 microns; Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); in water; fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) C. Bas, Th.W.Kuyper, M.E. Nordeloos, E.C. Vellinga (eds.), Flora Agaricina Neerlandica, A.A. Balkema, Vol.4. (1999), p 145. (2) M.Christensen, J. Heilmann-Clausen, The genus Tricholoma, Fungi of Northern Europe, Vol.4. (2013), p 186. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 330. (4) https://www.myko.cz/myko-atlas/Tricholoma-lascivum/ (accessed Nov. 4. 2017) (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 568. (6) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 154.
-
Slo.: zelenkasta strnicnica - Syn. Psilocybe aeruginosa - Habitat: mixed, predominantly hardwood woodland, nearly flat ground, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), rain protected by trees canopies, mostly in shade, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 440 m (1.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: small rotten branch debris under ground. - Comment: Growing single.
-
Slo.: zelenkasta strnicnica - Syn. Psilocybe aeruginosa - Habitat: mixed, predominantly hardwood woodland, nearly flat ground, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), rain protected by trees canopies, mostly in shade, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 440 m (1.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: small rotten branch debris under ground. - Comment: Growing single.
-
-
-
Slo.: marelina golobica - Habitat: found in alpine valley, mixed wood edge with shrubs; dominant Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Rosa sp., Fraxinus ornus, etc.; about 5 m off the dirt forest road in steep, west inclined terrain; in shade and relatively humid place close to a mountain stream; calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by tree and shrubs' canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 680 m (2.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil. - Comments: Growing in a group of three pilei; pilei diameter 5(8) cm, stipe 4-5.5 cm high and about 1.2-1.5 cm in diameter; smell indistinctive, almost none; taste mild, only after a long time very mildly bitter/burning; flesh very brittle; SP yellow-ochre, oac856, abundant; pilei cuticle peeling easy. - Determination is not certain. According to Ref.:(1) the find is too robust There is also some ambiguity in literature regarding similar Rusullas with yellow hut. Among others, this observation can be also Russula acetolens, Rauschert. Both R. risigallina and R. acetolens are sometimes referred under common name R. lutea (Ref.: (2)). Both are supposed to be somewhat smaller in average than this observation. Although measured spore dimensions fit very well to R. risigallina, type of spore surface do hardly. Warts eventually appear too coarse (?) (Refs.:(2) and (3)). Both mentioned alternatives should have distinctly sweet and vinegary smell respectively, but our observation had no distinct smell. Also, Refs.:(4) and (5) disagree with these statements. If I follow Ref.:(5) this observation fits the best to the name Russula risigallina var. acetolens. No really better fit could be found. There is some ambiguity also regarding its taste. Trama and gills (a small piece of the edge of the pileus) certainly didn't have distinct, strong burning taste. However, it also was not completely 'mild' (as it should be for R. risigalina according most sources), but had a barely noticeable bitter/burning taste after a longer chewing being far of that what is usually meant by 'burning taste' with Russulas. - Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions: 8.0 (SD = 0.5) x 6.6 (SD = 0.4) , Q = 1.21 (SD = 0.05), n = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - References: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 328. (3) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 40. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 60. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 471.
-
Slo.: marelina golobica - Habitat: found in alpine valley, mixed wood edge with shrubs; dominant Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Rosa sp., Fraxinus ornus, etc.; about 5 m off the dirt forest road in steep, west inclined terrain; in shade and relatively humid place close to a mountain stream; calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by tree and shrubs' canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 680 m (2.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil. - Comments: Growing in a group of three pilei; pilei diameter 5(8) cm, stipe 4-5.5 cm high and about 1.2-1.5 cm in diameter; smell indistinctive, almost none; taste mild, only after a long time very mildly bitter/burning; flesh very brittle; SP yellow-ochre, oac856, abundant; pilei cuticle peeling easy. - Determination is not certain. According to Ref.:(1) the find is too robust There is also some ambiguity in literature regarding similar Rusullas with yellow hut. Among others, this observation can be also Russula acetolens, Rauschert. Both R. risigallina and R. acetolens are sometimes referred under common name R. lutea (Ref.: (2)). Both are supposed to be somewhat smaller in average than this observation. Although measured spore dimensions fit very well to R. risigallina, type of spore surface do hardly. Warts eventually appear too coarse (?) (Refs.:(2) and (3)). Both mentioned alternatives should have distinctly sweet and vinegary smell respectively, but our observation had no distinct smell. Also, Refs.:(4) and (5) disagree with these statements. If I follow Ref.:(5) this observation fits the best to the name Russula risigallina var. acetolens. No really better fit could be found. There is some ambiguity also regarding its taste. Trama and gills (a small piece of the edge of the pileus) certainly didn't have distinct, strong burning taste. However, it also was not completely 'mild' (as it should be for R. risigalina according most sources), but had a barely noticeable bitter/burning taste after a longer chewing being far of that what is usually meant by 'burning taste' with Russulas. - Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions: 8.0 (SD = 0.5) x 6.6 (SD = 0.4) , Q = 1.21 (SD = 0.05), n = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - References: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 328. (3) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 40. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 60. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 471.
-
Slo.: vijoličasta bledivka - Habitat: A forest clear-cut, dominant Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba; south oriented mountain slope, calcareous bedrock; relatively warm place, open sunny place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.420 m (4.650 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forestry waist, growing from cones and other wood debris. - Comments: To my experiencea not so common substrate these cones. Growing solitary and in small groups of a few fruitbodies. Pileus diameter from 3 to 4.5 cm, stipe up to 7 cm long; SP beige-yellowish (oac855); taste mild mushroomy but unpleasant, smell faint pleasant. - Spores spiny. Dimensions: 8.9 (SD = 0.5) x 8,1 (SD = 0.4) micr., Q = 1.1 (SD = 0.04), n = 30. Olympus CH20, Olympus NEA 100x/1.25, AmScope MA500, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication Mr. Anton Poler (2) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 146. 9 rund (3) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 188. 8,5-10/7-8 (4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 181. 8/10 (5) R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 224. 7-10 rund
-
Slo.: vijoličasta bledivka - Habitat: A forest clear-cut, dominant Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Abies alba; south oriented mountain slope, calcareous bedrock; relatively warm place, open sunny place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.420 m (4.650 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forestry waist, growing from cones and other wood debris. - Comments: To my experiencea not so common substrate these cones. Growing solitary and in small groups of a few fruitbodies. Pileus diameter from 3 to 4.5 cm, stipe up to 7 cm long; SP beige-yellowish (oac855); taste mild mushroomy but unpleasant, smell faint pleasant. - Spores spiny. Dimensions: 8.9 (SD = 0.5) x 8,1 (SD = 0.4) micr., Q = 1.1 (SD = 0.04), n = 30. Olympus CH20, Olympus NEA 100x/1.25, AmScope MA500, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication Mr. Anton Poler (2) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 146. 9 rund (3) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 188. 8,5-10/7-8 (4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 181. 8/10 (5) R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 224. 7-10 rund
-
Oregon Mycological Society
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-