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Slo.: volji liaj - syn.: Evernia vulpina Ach. - Habitat: old coniferous mountain forest, predominantly Larix decidua with some Picea abies; steep mountain slope, northeast aspect; calcareous ground, mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 2.800 mm/year, average temperature 1-3 deg C, elevations 1760 m (5.650 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: on bark of old, living Larix decidua tree.Place: Mont Kamniti Lovec, 2.071 m (6.795 feet) mountain group; northwest of the pick; above the dirt road from village Ovja vas (Valbruna) to Svete Viarje (Borgo Lussari), near mountain trail 617, West Julian Alps, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy EC. Comment: Letharia vulpina is a species distributed mainly in West USA. However, it can be found also in Europe, mostly in mountains of Norway and less frequently in the Alps including southeast Alps in Slovenia. A few times it has been found also in mountains of Turkey.This species is quite rare and hard to find in my country in spite of the fact that it is conspicuous because of its bright color. It is very easy to recognize it. Its bright yellow or greenish-yellow, heavily sorediate thallus and typical habitus cannot be misidentified. Nevertheless, it is quite variable and its final taxonomy is yet to be agreed upon. Over ten var. and f. subtaxa have been described, but their relevance is still discussed. Apothecia are almost never encountered. This lichen is poisonous and was once used to poison foxes and wolfs. It contains yellow vulpinic acid, which dissolves in water if you soak the thallus in it and makes it yellow. It is speculated that its biological function is as a repellent for some herbivores. All chemical reactions are negative but one actually doesn't need them for reliable identification since its morphological traits suffice.Ref.:(1) Personal communication with Dr. Igor Dakskobler, Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences.(2) http://lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=54471 (access 19.8.2017)(3) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 412.(4) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 34.(5) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 556.(6) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV Naturfrer (2002), p 78.
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Syn.: Cladonia pyxidata ssp. pocillum - Habitat: rocks beneath of a cart road, open space, full sun, partly protected from direct rain, relatively dry site with high air humidity, calcareous rocks, SW oriented, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 330 m (1.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: moss on soil among rocks
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: At the tree line, S faced steep alpine grassland, open space, fully exposed to sun and rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.900 m (6.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of a trunk and branches of Larix decidua. Comment: very old examples photographed
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Determination not certain. No chemical or microscope verification. Habitat: Dirt road side, at the foot of overgrown scree slops, moderately steep SW exposition, relatively warm and well drained place, air humidity high, full sun, fully exposed to rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 330 m (1.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: mossy overgrown soil
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Not completely confident of identification; I am not a lichenologist.
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Syn.: Cladonia bacillaris - Habitat: Light mixed wood with bushes, densely overgrown ground, settled alluvial calcareous river deposits, flat terrain, quite sunny, humid air, exposed to precipitations, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 360 m (1.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Pinus sp. stump, partly debarked. - Ref.: - V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer, Vol. 1.and 2.(1995), p330. - I. Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p259. - N. Hodgetts, Cladonia: a field guide, The Joint Nature Conservation Comm. Peterborough (1992), p20.
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Slo.: ? - syn.: Blastenia rupestris var. calva (Dicks.) Lettau, Lecanora calva (Dicks.) Nyl., Protoblastenia rupestris var. calva (Dicks.) J. Steiner, Lecidea calva (Dicks.) Nyl. - Habitat: man made stone wall delimiting former pastures, which are partly overgrown with bushes and trees now; slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; calcareous ground; partly in shade; relatively dry and warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 580 m (1.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: +/- vertical hard calcareous rock surface. Comment: Protoblastenia calva is not a rare species, however, as almost all endolithic lichens (their thallus is living inside rock among rock grains) is hard to spot from far. This is particularly true if they aren't fertile and dry. They appear as (usually only slightly) 'discolored' rock surface. When wet and fertile they are more apparent since colors are more pronounced. Protoblastenia calva possesses relatively large apothecia (up to 1.5 mm in diameter) of frequently vivid orange color. So, it can be spotted also by naked eye with some attention. Apothecia scattered, sessile, not in pits and from 0,5 to 1,2 mm in diameter, bullate or almost spherical. Thallus endolithic but not completely. Epilithic part white, surface farinous or very finely grainy (Wirth, 1995 - see pic.:10b). Fund on several places of several rocks, almost always right next to Protoblastenia incrustans (small yellow-orange apothecia in pits). Note also slightly darker thallus of Protoblastenia incrustans. Lichens photographed in moist conditions after several rainy days. Ref.: (1) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 363. (2) http://dryades.units.it/italic/index.php?procedure=images2&taxon=Protoblastenia%20calva%20(Dicks.)%20Zahlbr%2E (accessed Feb. 25. 2018) (3) http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/Protoblastenia?page=1 (accessed Feb. 27. 2018) (4) http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/Protoblastenia/NIKA9793 (accessed Feb. 28. 2018) (5) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 750. (6) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 773.
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Habitat: bark of Betula pendula at breast height, south exposition, stand alone tree in the middle of a mountain meadow, precipitations > 3.000 mm/year
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Determination uncertain. Too many Lecanora-s and no microscopic investigation. Recognized by site only. Habitat: A group of trees in a meadow, close to mixed forest and a village, humid and relatively cold place, no insolation four months a year, precipitation ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 370 m (1.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Juglans regia, south exposed, ~1.5 m off ground.
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Habitat: Wood-side of hardwood forest, next to a dirt road and a farmhouse, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), S oriented, fairly light and sunny place, protected from direct rain by tree canopy, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 530 m (1.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: deciduous tree bark at the tree base.
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Alectoria lata, EBP#4512
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