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Slo.: dolgospora griva (?) - Habitat: light mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, locally under canopies of dense stand of young Picea abies; in shade, no ground vegetations; moderately incline mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 4-6 deg C, elevation 935 m (3.070 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil covered by a layer of fallen off needles of Picea abies. Comments: Ramaria longispora was originally described as a fungus of the Pacific Northwestern United States in 1973. For decades it hasn't been recorded in Europe. However, Christan (2008) (Ref.2.) described it as present also in Europe in 2008. Also Hagar (2015) (Ref.:3.) is mentioning finds in Europe. Recently done mycological survey of the region of Triglav National Park, Slovenia revealed several finds in east Julian Alps (Ref.:4.). It has been found in four UTM sub-squares of this region so far. The traits of this find fit well to literature. This species is macroscopically easy to confuse with small fruit bodies of Ramaria largentii. But Ramaria largentii has clamped basidia and hypha and somewhat smaller spores. I was unable to find clamps. Spore and basidia dimensions fit very well to literature, as well as relatively long sterigmata (average 8 microns). Also a few exceptionally long and deformed spores, which are characteristically produced by Ramaria longispora (Ref.:2) have been observed. One is shown on Picture 1M (arrow). Growing solitary; fruit body dimensions: 6 cm tall and 3.5 cm wide; stipe solid, not branched up to 2.5 cm height and about 2 cm in diameter; smell mild, pleasant, fresh, on fruits (?); taste mild pleasant, mushroomy, not bitter; SP faint, pale ocher-yellow, oac806 (?), color uncertain. Spores warty. Dimensions: 11,9 [13,5 ; 14,2] 15,8 x 4,1 [4,6 ; 4,8] 5,3 microns; Q = 2,4 [2,8 ; 3] 3,5; N = 36; C = 95%; Me = 13,8 x 4,7 microns ; Qe = 2,9. Asci dimensions: 55,6 [66 ; 71,1] 81,5 x 7,3 [9,4 ; 10,4] 12,5 microns; Q = 4,9 [6,6 ; 7,4] 9,1; N = 26; C = 95%; Me = 68,6 x 9,9 microns; Qe = 7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (asci, hypha), in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) R.L. Exeter, L. Norvell, E. Cazares, Ramaria of the Pacific Northwestern United States, Salem (1973), p 128. (2) J. Christan, Die Gattung Ramaria in Deutschland, IHW-Verlag (2008), p 218. (3) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 484. (4) Boletus Informaticus: http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_karta_sre.aspx?idorg=c8d733cc-0ff7-49b7-8b4c-f23687ade492
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Slo.: zlata griva - Habitat: old mixed wood, dominant Fagus sylvatica mixed with Abies alba and Picea abies; locally almost flat terrain, calcareous ground, in shade, relatively cold and humid place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.200 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: leaf litter and soil under a Fagus sylvatica. - Comments:Determination of Ramaria species is always a challenge for me even in case of quite common and best known' large, some shade of yellow-orange vividly colored Ramaria finds. These species cannot be overlooked in the field. They are very prominent. - For almost two centuries such fruit bodies had been known as either Ramaria aurea or Ramaria flava. Both names origin from Fries from late 18th century. They had been commonly known as 'yellow one' and 'orange-yellow' Ramaria. Only in seventies of 20th century Petersen's and Schild's research discovered that these two widely accepted names actually covered several distinct species. A new key was published by Schild in his paper 'Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?' in 1978 (Ref.3, full text available on net). The paper deals mostly with Ramaria sanguinea, Ramaria flavescens, Ramaria aurea, Ramaria flava and Ramaria fagetorum - but there are more of them described. Most Ramarias are quite variable in habitus, colors of different parts of their fruit bodies may change significantly during their lifespan, not all traits are stable, etc., so a reliable determination to species level based solely on macroscopic traits is eventually possible only for professional specialists for this genus. Observation of microscopic properties, particularly of spores and hypha septa, is indispensable. Initially, the fruit bodies on my pictures looked very similar to Ramaria flavescens, not only to my opinion. This species is quite common in Slovenia and in fact (some if not many) habitus pictures in literature and internet supported this guess. Yet, microscopy revealed simple hypha septa and the spores were too wide. Hence this assumption was bad. Both these microscopic properties fit well to Ramaria aurea. Also vividly yellow upper part of the stump (see Fig.5. and the key in Schild's paper, Ref.: 3) and better fit of measured spore dimensions to Schild's data speak for Ramaria aurea. Spores are still a little bit too wide. They would fit even better to similar Ramaria largenti (having spores dimensions 10-16/4-6.5 microns according to Schild) but this species thrives in coniferous forests, while my find grew under Fagus sylvatica. Also Ramaria largenti is more orange. So Ramaria aurea seems to be the best fit. - Growing in a group of four sporocarps within a range of approximately three by one meter; fruit bodies up to 14 cm tall and 9-15 cm wide; stump massive, up to 4-5 cm tall and 4 cm in diameter; branches fragile; no discoloring noticed when injured, cut or bruised; smell mild, pleasant and quite specific; taste initially mild, after some time slightly rancid but not bitter; SP very faint, color could not be determined. - Hypha of subhymenium and stump have simple septa. Spores warty, large for genus Ramaria. Dimensions: 11 [12,4 ; 13,1] 14,5 x 5,2 [5,9 ; 6,2] 6,9 micr., Q = 1,8 [2,1 ; 2,2] 2,4; N = 26; C = 95%, Me = 12,7 x 6,0micr.; Qe = 2,1. Basidia narrowly clavate. Dimensions: 47.8 [55.8 ; 59.8] 67.8 x 9.3 [10.9 ; 11.7] 13.3 micr., Q = 4.1 [4.9 ; 5.3] 6.2; N = 25; C = 95%; Me = 57.8 x 11.3 micr.;Qe = 5.1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (basidia, hypha), in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: 1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2.,Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 354. (3) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?, Z. Mykol.., 44(2) (1978), pp 171-178. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 462. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 346. (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 66.
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Slo.: opiasta griva - Habitat: Humid place in shade; mixed wood side; on an old compost heap made of plant and wood debris, kitchen waste and a lot of ashes and charcoal from a wood stove; almost flat terrain, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: compost hip. - Comments: Possibly Ramaria flaccida? Growing in a fairly large group, many fruitbodies, sporocarps 4-5 cm high (1.5 to 2 inches), SP ocher-brown, flesh not bruising green (as for R. flaccida), huge firm white mycelium. Spores almost smooth, dimensions: 7.1 (SD = 0.5) x 3.8 (SD = 0.2) micr., Q = 1.87 (SD = 0.14), n = 30. Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 648. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. (4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1035. (5) R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 141. (6) http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=356845 (for R. flaccida).
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Slo.: janeeva griva - syn.: Ramaria palmata (Pers.) Quelet - Habitat: conifer wood, river bank, in transition slope between two alluvial terraces, calcareous ground, overgrown river deposits, sand and gravel, in shade, humid place, under Picea abies, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.850 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: among mosses on organic litter on soil. - Comments: Proper determination of Ramaria species is almost always above my capabilities. They are very variable and never quite the same. There are many of them and they change their habitus and colors during life cycle very much. In 'traditional', non-specialized literature, they are regularly treated only briefly. Too 'hot terrain' for non-professionals! So, for an amateur there are usually only small chances for a reliable determination. - Surprisingly, with this find the key published in Ref.: 2. led me directly to Ramaria gracilis with no ambiguities. The key features are small size, very delicate fruit bodies, white color and characteristic fragrant smell. Other traits, as well as habitat, fit well too. - Ramaria gracilis seems to be quite a rare find in Slovenia. Only a few records are in the Slovenian 'Boletus Informaticus myco-data base. Literature states the same for other European countries. The species was extinct from Netherlands already in 1900 (Ref.:2). - Growing in rows of more than 10 sporocarps; sporocarps up to 6 cm tall and 3.5-4.5 cm wide; stipe up to 7 mm thick; smell pleasant, on sweets, cakes, anise; taste mild, pleasant, mushroomy; SP abundant, yellowish with slight green tin (oac5) when fresh and when dry pale ocher, oac813; fresh sporocarps white, dry sporocarps light ocher, oac855; 5% KOH reaction on trama orange-brown, oac805. - Spores unregularly warty. Dimensions: 5,9 [6,4 ; 6,6] 7,1 x 3,3 [3,5 ; 3,6] 3,9 microns; Q = 1,6 [1,8] 2; N = 45; C = 95%; Me = 6,5 x 3,6 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF. - Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 464. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 79. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, vol.2.,Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 366. (4) E. Shield, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava, Z. Mykol. Vol. 44, No. 2, (1978), pp 171-178.
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Slo.:edna griva - Habitat: northeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; calcareous ground, in shade, relatively cold and humid place near a small stream, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 725 m (2.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: leaf litter and soil under Fagus sylvatica. - Comments: Determination of vividly colored (yellow-orange-reddish-pinkish) Ramarias to species level is a hard nut. Microscopy is almost a must. The fungi photographed in this observation have simple septa without clamps. I spent quite some time trying to find clamps in the subhymenium of the branches as well as in the trunk. Only two or three features resembling clamps have been found while vast majority of septa of thin as well as of thick hypha have simple septa. This rules out Ramaria flavescens although other morphological traits, habitat and most of the studied microscopic properties fit well to the find. Similar situation can be assumed for Ramaria Formosa, Ramaria lutea and Ramaria aurea, which all have clamps. Ramaria subbotrytis doesn't have clamps but can be ruled out based on spore and basidia dimensions, which clearly don't fit to measured values. The best candidate seems to be Ramaria neoformosa. All studied macro- and micro traits fit quite well to the find. Only slightly too long spores are to some extent disturbing. Since I havent found any other better option I am staying with this one. Admittedly I don't have descriptions of all of them. They are many. Krieglsteiner (2000) estimates 80 of them in Europe and about 200 worldwide while Arora (1986) assumes about 100 species for America.So, a mistake cannot be ruled out. - Growing in line of about six sporocarps within a range of approximately five by one meters; fruit body dimensions up to 12 cm tall and 12 cm wide, the largest weighting 300 g; stump massive, up to 4.5 cm tall and 5 cm wide, branches toward their ends full and round in cross-section, 1-2(3) mm in diameter; fruit body ochre-orange-pink, oac763 (in sRGB color space R245/G173/B127); stump trama white, marmorated, toward edges of cross-section gradually changing to pinkish-orange; does not discolor with time or when bruised; fibrous when dry, not chalky; 5% KOH reaction on stump trama almost none (slightly darker), on branches not strong but distinctive, reddish-pinkish (pale color of oranges); taste mild, indistinctive, after a while slightly bitter; smell mild, pleasant; SP abundant, yellow-ochre-orange, oac812. - Almost all hypha of subhymenium and stump trama have simple septa. Only a few apparently clamps have been observed in subhymenium. Spores warty. Dimensions: 11 [12 ; 12,4] 13,4 x 4,7 [5,2 ; 5,4] 5,9 ; Q = 2 [2,3 ; 2,4] 2,6; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 12,2 x 5,3 ; Qe = 2,3. Basidia narrowly clavate. Dimensions: 54,9 [61,6 ; 66,4] 73,1 x 8,1 [9,7 ; 10,8] 12,4 ; Q = 4,8 [5,9 ; 6,7] 7,8; N = 14; C = 95%; Me = 64 x 10,3 mm; Qe = 6,3. Hypha thickness: 2.5 [5.6 ; 6.6] 9.7 microns; Me = 6.1 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (basidia, hypha), in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Note: Spore dimensions in Breitenbach (1986), p362 reported from Schild (1978) and those reported by MycoBank from the same source differ. Also spore dimensions given in the text in Breitenbach (1986), pp 362 and measured from the picture in the same source (p363) differ significantly (?). - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 362. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p64 and p82. (3) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava, Z. Mykol., Vol.44(2) (1978), p171 (cited in Breitenbach (1986)). (4) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava? Zeitschrift fr Mykologie, 44(2) (1978):171-178. (cited in MycoBank under description of Ramaria flavescens). 5) http://www.flickriver.com/photos/camptorus/tags/ramarianeoformosa/ (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 645.
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"Longitude (deg): -1.6. Latitude (deg): 50.9. Longitude (deg/min): 1ð 40' W. Latitude (deg/min): 50ð 60' N. Vice county name: South Wilts. Vice county no.: 8. Country: England. Stage: Fruitbody. Associated species: Quercus. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Comment: ""on dead, fallen oak twig"". Category: standard photograph or close-up. Background: natural background. Where photo was taken: Arranged. Photographic equipment used: Canon EOS600D dSLR with Tamron SP AF Di 90mm Macro 1:1 lens. "
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"Longitude (deg): -1.6. Latitude (deg): 51.3. Longitude (deg/min): 1ð 40' W. Latitude (deg/min): 51ð 20' N. Vice county name: North Wilts. Vice county no.: 7. Country: England. Stage: Fruitbody. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Comment: on ground. Detail to note: pink flushing at tips. Category: macro-photograph. Image scaling: enlarged. Photographic equipment used: ""35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner."". "
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Longitude (deg): -2.3. Latitude (deg): 51.8. Longitude (deg/min): 2ð 20' W. Latitude (deg/min): 51ð 50' N. Vice county name: West Glos. Vice county no.: 34. Country: England. Stage: Fruitbody. Associated species: Acer campestre. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Comment: in hedge bottom under Field Maple. Category: standard photograph or close-up. Photographic equipment used: Canon EOS10D dSLR + Sigma 50mm 1:1 macro lens.
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Slo.: dolgospora griva (?) - Habitat: light mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, locally under canopies of dense stand of young Picea abies; in shade, no ground vegetations; moderately incline mountain slope, northwest aspect; calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 4-6 deg C, elevation 935 m (3.070 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil covered by a layer of fallen off needles of Picea abies. Comments: Ramaria longispora was originally described as a fungus of the Pacific Northwestern United States in 1973. For decades it hasn't been recorded in Europe. However, Christan (2008) (Ref.2.) described it as present also in Europe in 2008. Also Hagar (2015) (Ref.:3.) is mentioning finds in Europe. Recently done mycological survey of the region of Triglav National Park, Slovenia revealed several finds in east Julian Alps (Ref.:4.). It has been found in four UTM sub-squares of this region so far. The traits of this find fit well to literature. This species is macroscopically easy to confuse with small fruit bodies of Ramaria largentii. But Ramaria largentii has clamped basidia and hypha and somewhat smaller spores. I was unable to find clamps. Spore and basidia dimensions fit very well to literature, as well as relatively long sterigmata (average 8 microns). Also a few exceptionally long and deformed spores, which are characteristically produced by Ramaria longispora (Ref.:2) have been observed. One is shown on Picture 1M (arrow). Growing solitary; fruit body dimensions: 6 cm tall and 3.5 cm wide; stipe solid, not branched up to 2.5 cm height and about 2 cm in diameter; smell mild, pleasant, fresh, on fruits (?); taste mild pleasant, mushroomy, not bitter; SP faint, pale ocher-yellow, oac806 (?), color uncertain. Spores warty. Dimensions: 11,9 [13,5 ; 14,2] 15,8 x 4,1 [4,6 ; 4,8] 5,3 microns; Q = 2,4 [2,8 ; 3] 3,5; N = 36; C = 95%; Me = 13,8 x 4,7 microns ; Qe = 2,9. Asci dimensions: 55,6 [66 ; 71,1] 81,5 x 7,3 [9,4 ; 10,4] 12,5 microns; Q = 4,9 [6,6 ; 7,4] 9,1; N = 26; C = 95%; Me = 68,6 x 9,9 microns; Qe = 7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (asci, hypha), in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) R.L. Exeter, L. Norvell, E. Cazares, Ramaria of the Pacific Northwestern United States, Salem (1973), p 128. (2) J. Christan, Die Gattung Ramaria in Deutschland, IHW-Verlag (2008), p 218. (3) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 484. (4) Boletus Informaticus: http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_karta_sre.aspx?idorg=c8d733cc-0ff7-49b7-8b4c-f23687ade492
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Slo.: zlata griva - Habitat: old mixed wood, dominant Fagus sylvatica mixed with Abies alba and Picea abies; locally almost flat terrain, calcareous ground, in shade, relatively cold and humid place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.200 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: leaf litter and soil under a Fagus sylvatica. - Comments:Determination of Ramaria species is always a challenge for me even in case of quite common and best known' large, some shade of yellow-orange vividly colored Ramaria finds. These species cannot be overlooked in the field. They are very prominent. - For almost two centuries such fruit bodies had been known as either Ramaria aurea or Ramaria flava. Both names origin from Fries from late 18th century. They had been commonly known as 'yellow one' and 'orange-yellow' Ramaria. Only in seventies of 20th century Petersen's and Schild's research discovered that these two widely accepted names actually covered several distinct species. A new key was published by Schild in his paper 'Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?' in 1978 (Ref.3, full text available on net). The paper deals mostly with Ramaria sanguinea, Ramaria flavescens, Ramaria aurea, Ramaria flava and Ramaria fagetorum - but there are more of them described. Most Ramarias are quite variable in habitus, colors of different parts of their fruit bodies may change significantly during their lifespan, not all traits are stable, etc., so a reliable determination to species level based solely on macroscopic traits is eventually possible only for professional specialists for this genus. Observation of microscopic properties, particularly of spores and hypha septa, is indispensable. Initially, the fruit bodies on my pictures looked very similar to Ramaria flavescens, not only to my opinion. This species is quite common in Slovenia and in fact (some if not many) habitus pictures in literature and internet supported this guess. Yet, microscopy revealed simple hypha septa and the spores were too wide. Hence this assumption was bad. Both these microscopic properties fit well to Ramaria aurea. Also vividly yellow upper part of the stump (see Fig.5. and the key in Schild's paper, Ref.: 3) and better fit of measured spore dimensions to Schild's data speak for Ramaria aurea. Spores are still a little bit too wide. They would fit even better to similar Ramaria largenti (having spores dimensions 10-16/4-6.5 microns according to Schild) but this species thrives in coniferous forests, while my find grew under Fagus sylvatica. Also Ramaria largenti is more orange. So Ramaria aurea seems to be the best fit. - Growing in a group of four sporocarps within a range of approximately three by one meter; fruit bodies up to 14 cm tall and 9-15 cm wide; stump massive, up to 4-5 cm tall and 4 cm in diameter; branches fragile; no discoloring noticed when injured, cut or bruised; smell mild, pleasant and quite specific; taste initially mild, after some time slightly rancid but not bitter; SP very faint, color could not be determined. - Hypha of subhymenium and stump have simple septa. Spores warty, large for genus Ramaria. Dimensions: 11 [12,4 ; 13,1] 14,5 x 5,2 [5,9 ; 6,2] 6,9 micr., Q = 1,8 [2,1 ; 2,2] 2,4; N = 26; C = 95%, Me = 12,7 x 6,0micr.; Qe = 2,1. Basidia narrowly clavate. Dimensions: 47.8 [55.8 ; 59.8] 67.8 x 9.3 [10.9 ; 11.7] 13.3 micr., Q = 4.1 [4.9 ; 5.3] 6.2; N = 25; C = 95%; Me = 57.8 x 11.3 micr.;Qe = 5.1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (basidia, hypha), in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: 1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2.,Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 354. (3) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?, Z. Mykol.., 44(2) (1978), pp 171-178. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 462. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 346. (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 66.
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Slo.: opiasta griva - Habitat: Humid place in shade; mixed wood side; on an old compost heap made of plant and wood debris, kitchen waste and a lot of ashes and charcoal from a wood stove; almost flat terrain, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: compost hip. - Comments: Possibly Ramaria flaccida? Growing in a fairly large group, many fruitbodies, sporocarps 4-5 cm high (1.5 to 2 inches), SP ocher-brown, flesh not bruising green (as for R. flaccida), huge firm white mycelium. Spores almost smooth, dimensions: 7.1 (SD = 0.5) x 3.8 (SD = 0.2) micr., Q = 1.87 (SD = 0.14), n = 30. Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 648. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. (4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1035. (5) R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 141. (6) http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=356845 (for R. flaccida).
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Slo.: janeeva griva - syn.: Ramaria palmata (Pers.) Quelet - Habitat: conifer wood, river bank, in transition slope between two alluvial terraces, calcareous ground, overgrown river deposits, sand and gravel, in shade, humid place, under Picea abies, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.850 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: among mosses on organic litter on soil. - Comments: Proper determination of Ramaria species is almost always above my capabilities. They are very variable and never quite the same. There are many of them and they change their habitus and colors during life cycle very much. In 'traditional', non-specialized literature, they are regularly treated only briefly. Too 'hot terrain' for non-professionals! So, for an amateur there are usually only small chances for a reliable determination. - Surprisingly, with this find the key published in Ref.: 2. led me directly to Ramaria gracilis with no ambiguities. The key features are small size, very delicate fruit bodies, white color and characteristic fragrant smell. Other traits, as well as habitat, fit well too. - Ramaria gracilis seems to be quite a rare find in Slovenia. Only a few records are in the Slovenian 'Boletus Informaticus myco-data base. Literature states the same for other European countries. The species was extinct from Netherlands already in 1900 (Ref.:2). - Growing in rows of more than 10 sporocarps; sporocarps up to 6 cm tall and 3.5-4.5 cm wide; stipe up to 7 mm thick; smell pleasant, on sweets, cakes, anise; taste mild, pleasant, mushroomy; SP abundant, yellowish with slight green tin (oac5) when fresh and when dry pale ocher, oac813; fresh sporocarps white, dry sporocarps light ocher, oac855; 5% KOH reaction on trama orange-brown, oac805. - Spores unregularly warty. Dimensions: 5,9 [6,4 ; 6,6] 7,1 x 3,3 [3,5 ; 3,6] 3,9 microns; Q = 1,6 [1,8] 2; N = 45; C = 95%; Me = 6,5 x 3,6 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF. - Ref.: (1) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 464. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 79. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, vol.2.,Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 366. (4) E. Shield, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava, Z. Mykol. Vol. 44, No. 2, (1978), pp 171-178.
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Slo.:edna griva - Habitat: northeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; calcareous ground, in shade, relatively cold and humid place near a small stream, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 725 m (2.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: leaf litter and soil under Fagus sylvatica. - Comments: Determination of vividly colored (yellow-orange-reddish-pinkish) Ramarias to species level is a hard nut. Microscopy is almost a must. The fungi photographed in this observation have simple septa without clamps. I spent quite some time trying to find clamps in the subhymenium of the branches as well as in the trunk. Only two or three features resembling clamps have been found while vast majority of septa of thin as well as of thick hypha have simple septa. This rules out Ramaria flavescens although other morphological traits, habitat and most of the studied microscopic properties fit well to the find. Similar situation can be assumed for Ramaria Formosa, Ramaria lutea and Ramaria aurea, which all have clamps. Ramaria subbotrytis doesn't have clamps but can be ruled out based on spore and basidia dimensions, which clearly don't fit to measured values. The best candidate seems to be Ramaria neoformosa. All studied macro- and micro traits fit quite well to the find. Only slightly too long spores are to some extent disturbing. Since I havent found any other better option I am staying with this one. Admittedly I don't have descriptions of all of them. They are many. Krieglsteiner (2000) estimates 80 of them in Europe and about 200 worldwide while Arora (1986) assumes about 100 species for America.So, a mistake cannot be ruled out. - Growing in line of about six sporocarps within a range of approximately five by one meters; fruit body dimensions up to 12 cm tall and 12 cm wide, the largest weighting 300 g; stump massive, up to 4.5 cm tall and 5 cm wide, branches toward their ends full and round in cross-section, 1-2(3) mm in diameter; fruit body ochre-orange-pink, oac763 (in sRGB color space R245/G173/B127); stump trama white, marmorated, toward edges of cross-section gradually changing to pinkish-orange; does not discolor with time or when bruised; fibrous when dry, not chalky; 5% KOH reaction on stump trama almost none (slightly darker), on branches not strong but distinctive, reddish-pinkish (pale color of oranges); taste mild, indistinctive, after a while slightly bitter; smell mild, pleasant; SP abundant, yellow-ochre-orange, oac812. - Almost all hypha of subhymenium and stump trama have simple septa. Only a few apparently clamps have been observed in subhymenium. Spores warty. Dimensions: 11 [12 ; 12,4] 13,4 x 4,7 [5,2 ; 5,4] 5,9 ; Q = 2 [2,3 ; 2,4] 2,6; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 12,2 x 5,3 ; Qe = 2,3. Basidia narrowly clavate. Dimensions: 54,9 [61,6 ; 66,4] 73,1 x 8,1 [9,7 ; 10,8] 12,4 ; Q = 4,8 [5,9 ; 6,7] 7,8; N = 14; C = 95%; Me = 64 x 10,3 mm; Qe = 6,3. Hypha thickness: 2.5 [5.6 ; 6.6] 9.7 microns; Me = 6.1 microns. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (basidia, hypha), in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Note: Spore dimensions in Breitenbach (1986), p362 reported from Schild (1978) and those reported by MycoBank from the same source differ. Also spore dimensions given in the text in Breitenbach (1986), pp 362 and measured from the picture in the same source (p363) differ significantly (?). - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 362. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p64 and p82. (3) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava, Z. Mykol., Vol.44(2) (1978), p171 (cited in Breitenbach (1986)). (4) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava? Zeitschrift fr Mykologie, 44(2) (1978):171-178. (cited in MycoBank under description of Ramaria flavescens). 5) http://www.flickriver.com/photos/camptorus/tags/ramarianeoformosa/ (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 645.
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"Longitude (deg): -1.6. Latitude (deg): 50.9. Longitude (deg/min): 1ð 40' W. Latitude (deg/min): 50ð 60' N. Vice county name: South Wilts. Vice county no.: 8. Country: England. Stage: Fruitbody. Associated species: Quercus. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Comment: ""on dead, fallen oak twig"". Category: macro-photograph. Image scaling: enlarged. Background: white background. Where photo was taken: On a microscope slide. Photographic equipment used: Canon EOS600D dSLR with Tamron SP AF Di 90mm Macro 1:1 lens. "
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"Longitude (deg): -1.6. Latitude (deg): 51.3. Longitude (deg/min): 1ð 40' W. Latitude (deg/min): 51ð 20' N. Vice county name: North Wilts. Vice county no.: 7. Country: England. Stage: Fruitbody. Identified by: Malcolm Storey. Comment: on ground. Detail to note: pink flushing at tips. Category: macro-photograph. Image scaling: enlarged. Photographic equipment used: ""35mm transparencies (on a variety of films, but Agfa CT18 in the 1960's to early 1980's followed by Fujichrome in the late 1980's.) Transparencies scanned with Minolta Dimage Scan Dual II AF-2820U transparency scanner."". "