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Slo.: kladonija
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Slo.: ? Habitat: A group of trees in an alpine meadow close to mixed wood-side, flat ground, air humidity medium to high, partly protected from direct rain, in shadow of the tree canopy otherwise sunny, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, 6-8 average temperature degC, 1.8 m above ground, altitude 960 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Salix sp. branches and trunk. Ch.: cortex K+ yellow, Soralia K+ yellow
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yellow thallus, at center
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Slo.: volji liaj - syn.: Evernia vulpina Ach. - Habitat: old coniferous mountain forest, predominantly Larix decidua with some Picea abies; steep mountain slope, northeast aspect; calcareous ground, mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 2.800 mm/year, average temperature 1-3 deg C, elevations 1760 m (5.650 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: on bark of old, living Larix decidua tree. Place: Mont Kamniti Lovec, 2.071 m (6.795 feet) mountain group; northwest of the pick; above the dirt road from village Ovja vas (Valbruna) to Svete Viarje (Borgo Lussari), near mountain trail 617, West Julian Alps, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy EC. Comment: Letharia vulpina is a species distributed mainly in West USA. However, it can be found also in Europe, mostly in mountains of Norway and less frequently in the Alps including southeast Alps in Slovenia. A few times it has been found also in mountains of Turkey. This species is quite rare and hard to find in my country in spite of the fact that it is conspicuous because of its bright color. It is very easy to recognize it. Its bright yellow or greenish-yellow, heavily sorediate thallus and typical habitus cannot be misidentified. Nevertheless, it is quite variable and its final taxonomy is yet to be agreed upon. Over ten var. and f. subtaxa have been described, but their relevance is still discussed. Apothecia are almost never encountered. This lichen is poisonous and was once used to poison foxes and wolfs. It contains yellow vulpinic acid, which dissolves in water if you soak the thallus in it and makes it yellow. It is speculated that its biological function is as a repellent for some herbivores. All chemical reactions are negative but one actually doesn't need them for reliable identification since its morphological traits suffice. Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Dr. Igor Dakskobler, Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences. (2) http://lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=54471 (access 19.8.2017) (3) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 412. (4) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 34. (5) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 556. (6) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV Naturfrer (2002), p 78.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: At the tree line, S faced steep alpine grassland, open space, fully exposed to sun and rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.900 m (6.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of a trunk and branches of Larix decidua. Comment: very old examples photographed
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Habitat: Bottom of an alpine valley, on loose rocks fence about 1 m (3 feet) above ground, full light, nearly full sun, partly protected from direct rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 820 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: calcareous rock, vertical positioned. Comment: Determination not certain. No microscopic verificatioon done. Ref.: F. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmond Publ. (2005), p 155. V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 1, p 361. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p286. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer (2000), p108.
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Syn.: Cladonia bacillaris - Habitat: Light mixed wood with bushes, densely overgrown ground, settled alluvial calcareous river deposits, flat terrain, quite sunny, humid air, exposed to precipitations, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 360 m (1.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Pinus sp. stump, partly debarked. - Ref.: - V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer, Vol. 1.and 2.(1995), p330. - I. Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p259. - N. Hodgetts, Cladonia: a field guide, The Joint Nature Conservation Comm. Peterborough (1992), p20.
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Syn.: C. pyxidata ssp. chlorophaea Comment: Determination not certain. Generally, field characters of C. chlopolraea from literature fit well to pictures. However, habitus of the speciment shown shows narrower than usual cups and frequently inflated podetia stalks, which doesn't seem typical for C.Chlorophaea. Habitat: wood-side, mixed forest with dominant Fagus sylvatica, partly sunny, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 830 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of a partly rotten Fagus sylvativa stump and humus soil beneath it. Ref.: F.Dobson, Lichens, The Richmond Publ. (2005), p135. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p247. N.Hodgetts, Cladonia: a field guide, The Joint Nature Cons.Comm. Peterborough (1992), p20.
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Slo. ? - Habitat: upland stony grassland at tree line, S faced mountain slope, altitude 1.850 m (6.100 feet), fully exposed to rain and sun, precipitations ~2.800 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: vertical limestone bedrock.
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Slo.: ? - syn.: Blastenia rupestris var. calva (Dicks.) Lettau, Lecanora calva (Dicks.) Nyl., Protoblastenia rupestris var. calva (Dicks.) J. Steiner, Lecidea calva (Dicks.) Nyl. - Habitat: man made stone wall delimiting former pastures, which are partly overgrown with bushes and trees now; slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; calcareous ground; partly in shade; relatively dry and warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 580 m (1.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: +/- vertical hard calcareous rock surface. Comment: Protoblastenia calva is not a rare species, however, as almost all endolithic lichens (their thallus is living inside rock among rock grains) is hard to spot from far. This is particularly true if they aren't fertile and dry. They appear as (usually only slightly) 'discolored' rock surface. When wet and fertile they are more apparent since colors are more pronounced. Protoblastenia calva possesses relatively large apothecia (up to 1.5 mm in diameter) of frequently vivid orange color. So, it can be spotted also by naked eye with some attention. Apothecia scattered, sessile, not in pits and from 0,5 to 1,2 mm in diameter, bullate or almost spherical. Thallus endolithic but not completely. Epilithic part white, surface farinous or very finely grainy (Wirth, 1995 - see pic.:10b). Fund on several places of several rocks, almost always right next to Protoblastenia incrustans (small yellow-orange apothecia in pits). Note also slightly darker thallus of Protoblastenia incrustans. Lichens photographed in moist conditions after several rainy days. Ref.: (1) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 363. (2) http://dryades.units.it/italic/index.php?procedure=images2&taxon=Protoblastenia%20calva%20(Dicks.)%20Zahlbr%2E (accessed Feb. 25. 2018) (3) http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/Protoblastenia?page=1 (accessed Feb. 27. 2018) (4) http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/Protoblastenia/NIKA9793 (accessed Feb. 28. 2018) (5) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 750. (6) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 773.
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Habitat: Mountain forest, predominantly Fagus sylvatica, calcareous bedrock, shade, on a low nearly vertical path cut, protected from direct rain by trees canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, altitude 880 m (2.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: mosses and soil
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Upper surfaces from left to right: Lobaria pulmonaria, P. rainierensis, L. oregana
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Habitat: Wood-side of hardwood forest, next to a dirt road and a farmhouse, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), S oriented, fairly light and sunny place, protected from direct rain by tree canopy, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 530 m (1.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: deciduous tree bark at the tree base.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: Stony, man made wall delimiting pasture grassland, S exposition, warm place, fully exposed to sun and precipitations, vertically oriented, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 630 m (2.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: limestone rock
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Slo.: lasasti bradovec - syn.: Usnea dasypoga (Ach.) Shirlay; Usnea flagellata Mot. - Habitat: alpine forest, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Larix decidua dominant trees, almost flat terrain, calcareous ground, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 1.660 m (5.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Dead branch of Larix decidua. Comment: Thallus pendant, approximately 30 cm long, completely dry (after more than one month of dry weather, temperatures below 0 deg C); many lichens present. The species was once abundant in mountain forests. However, it is very sensitive to air pollution and is hence in strong decline in many places in Europe where it is considered endangered and (mostly) protected. Plants with apothecia became rare. At higher elevations in Trenta valley this lichen is still quite common and apothecia are still abundant. However, even here some damages due to pollution can be observed (brown dots on apothecia surface - see arrows on Fig. 11).This lichen has been historically used to treat wounds and modern tests for antibacterial properties have been positive. The lichen contains antibiotic usnin-acid, which is nowadays synthetically produced. Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 718. (2) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 443. (3) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV Naturfrer (2002), p 78. (4) C.W. Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society (2009), p 923. (5) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 947.