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Habitat: Small pastures delimited by stone and rock walls; south oriented warm mountain slope, calcareous ground, fairly sunny and dry place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 630 m (2.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Bare vertical calcareous rock (limestone or dolomite). - Comment: A few patches found up to 12 x 6 cm dimension in fairly humid state. Ref.:(3) states apothecia to be rare with this species. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, Ljubljana - Ref.: (1) http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery/PG_index.html (2) http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/Collema/BBBB3687 (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.1. Ulmer (1995), p 347. (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 154.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: wood-side, mostly in shade, protected from direct rain by tree canopies, 1,5 m above ground, flat terrain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 450 m (1.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: NW faced Quercus robur bark
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Habitat: on top of a south oriented dirt road cut, almost full sun, dry, precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 890 m (2.900 feet) Substratum: moss and calcareous soil encrusted base of tree stump. Ref: C.Smith et all, The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p672. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p520. V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol.2, p689.
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Habitat: Mixed woods, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, humid and relatively cool place, in shade, rain protected by trees' canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 570 m (1.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: heavily rotten Picea abies stump, SW oriented Ref.: Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembers, Ulmer, Vol.1. p322 Brodo, Sharnoff, Sharnof, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press, p247
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Slo.: ? - syn.: Parmelia stellaris f. aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Hazsl., Xanthoria aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Horw. - Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of smaller branches of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. Comment: When dry Physcia aipolia doesn't seem very attractive lichen. It is monotonously whitish-gray or gray and blends well with grayish bark of tree branches and twigs. However, when wet its bluish or greenish colors pop out distinctly. Its dark and almost always abundant apothecia pup out from much lighter thallus and its distinctive maculae (white spots on greenish thallus) become very apparent. Physcia aipolia is quite a common lichen and has been recorded in Slovenian Alps many times (Ref.: 6, 7, 8). It can be distinguished from several other similar Physcia species by distinctive maculae, yellow K reaction of thallus and medulla and pale lower side of the thallus having pale rhizines. It is mostly growing on small and medium size branches of smooth barked trees. Ref.: (1) C.W. Smith, et al, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 700. (2) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 549. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1. 2., Ulmer (1995), p xx. (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 338. (5) https://www.123pilze.de/DreamHC/Download/Ziegen-Schwielenflechte.htm (accessed 1.2.2018) (6) Boletus Informaticus Database, Forestry Institute of Slovenia http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed 1.2.2018) (7) Prgger et all. 'Alphabetical list of lichenized fungi for the six phytogeographical regions of Slovenia', http://members.chello.at/johannes.pruegger/uni/slovenia/ (accessed 1.2.2018) (8) F. Bati, K. Primoi, B. Surina, T. Trot & H. Mayzhofer, Contributions to the lichen flora of Slovenia X. - Contributions to the lichen flora from the Slovenian Julian Alps, Herzogia 16, (2003): 143154
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Syn.: Parmelia flaventior Stirt., Parmelia kernstockii Lynge & Zahlbr. - Habitat: former mountain pastures with scattered trees and bushes; slightly inclined terrain, south aspect; colluvial, calcareous ground; full sun, dry place; elevation 600 m (1.950 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: bark of medium to small size branches of (almost) stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. - Comment: Flavopunctelia flaventior is a beautiful lichen, which seems to be quite rare in Slovenia. According to Ogris (2018) Ref.: 6 there are only three UTM squares known in the country where it has been found and registered. None of these finds lay in Alpine phytogeographical region of the country. However, GBIF- Austria, Ref.: 8 states a find in Bavica valley, which is in Alpine region and not far from this observation. The lichen is also rare in the region directly west of Posoje in NE Italy Ref.: 5 and also in Germany (Ref.: 7 and Ref.:1). It is interesting that this species appears more and more frequent during last few decades according to Ref.:1. - Flavopunctelia flaventior can be recognized by slightly wrinkled upper surface od lobes with white, faintly reticulated pseudocyphellae and numerous, laminal and marginal soralia. Lower surface is dark in the thallus center with dark, short, simple rhizines and much lighter in color and without rhizines at the thallus margins. Only two specimens have been found on this tree. - Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 647. (2) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 317. (3) https://www.thm.de/lse/fachbereich/team/professoren/singlearticle/13-94-Kirschbaum/212-x.html (accessed March 27. 2018) (4) http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/lichensC/flavopunctelia_flaventior.html (accessed March 29. 2018) (5) http://dryades.units.it/italic/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=989 (accessed March 29. 2018) (6) N. Ogris (ed), Boletus informaticus, Slovenian Forestry Institute http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed March 29. 2018) (7) http://www.flechten-deutschland.de/organismen/flavopunctelia-flaventior-stirt-hale#prettyPhoto (accessed March 29. 2018) (8) http://www.gbif.at/ms/gbif/gbif/gbif_datenportal/gibf_suchearten/ (accessed March 29. 2018) (9) U. Suppan, J. Prugger, H. Mayrhofer, Lichen biodiversity in Slovenia, Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia, http://members.chello.at/johannes.pruegger/uni/slovenia/ (accessed March 29. 2018)
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Syn.: Xanthocarpia ochracea (Schaer.) A. Massal. & De Not., Blastenia ochracea (Schaer.) Trevis., Callopisma ochraceum (Schaer.) A. Massal., Gyalecta tetrasticha (Nyl.) Jatta, Lecidea ochracea Schaer., Triophthalmidium tetrasticha (Nyl.) Gyeln., Placodium tetrastichum (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Biatora aurantiaca var. ochracea (Schaer.) Rabenh - Habitat: stony fence dividing former mountain pastures; scattered trees and bushes around; slightly inclined terrain, southeast aspect; colluvial, calcareous ground; quite sunny, dry place; elevation 600 m (1.950 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: inclined surface of limestone rock. Comment: Caloplaca ochracea is a conspicuous saxicolous lichen because of its bright colored thallus. However, genus Caloplaca includes many species and several have yellow thallus and apothecia. Looking at spores seems necessary for a reliable determination. Mature, released spores have not been found. Instead those released by pressure during preparation of hymenium squash are shown and measured. Their dimensions fit to expectations, but they were of much variable internal structure. Most of them were 4-loculate, some of them also with for Caloplaca ochracea typical narrow channel-like loculi between both terminal ones. Asci were 4-spored, which fits to Caloplaca ochracea. Thallus and apothecia K+ crimson. Spores smooth, thick walled, most of them 4-loculate. Dimensions: (11) 12 - 18 (18,5) (5,5) 5,8 - 7,4 (7,5) m; Q = (1,9) 1,95 - 2,55 (2,6); N = 13; Me = 14,9 6,5 m. Olympus CH20; NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; in water, fresh material. Asci about 60 x 13 m, clavate, 4-spored. Paraphyses with septa having thickened, rounded ends; up to 5 m in diameter at the end. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Picture 15 shows herbarium specimen; Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland. Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 235. (2) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 106. (3) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 268. SP (4) http://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Caloplaca_ochracea.htm (accessed March 29. 2018)
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moist state
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Slo.: ? Habitat: A group of trees in an alpine meadow close to mixed wood-side, flat ground, air humidity medium to high, partly protected from direct rain, in shadow of the tree canopy otherwise sunny, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, 6-8 average temperature degC, 1.8 m above ground, altitude 960 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Salix sp. branches and trunk. Ch.: cortex K+ yellow, Soralia K+ yellow
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Slo.: volji liaj - syn.: Evernia vulpina Ach. - Habitat: old, mixed, coniferous, mountain forest, Larix decidua and Picea abies; northwest oriented mountain slope, locally almost flat terrain; calcareous ground; mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 2.800 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevations 1655 m (5.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Place: Mont Kamniti Lovec, 2.071 m (6.795 feet) mountain group; northwest of the pick; above the dirt road from village Ovja vas (Valbruna) to Svete Viarje (Borgo Lussari), near mountain trail 617, West Julian Alps, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy EC. Comment: Letharia vulpina is a species distributed mainly in West USA. However, it can be found also in Europe, mostly in mountains of Norway and less frequently in the Alps including southeast Alps in Slovenia. A few times it has been found also in mountains of Turkey. This species is quite rare and hard to find in my country in spite of the fact that it is conspicuous because of its bright color. It is very easy to recognize it. Its bright yellow or greenish-yellow, heavily sorediate thallus and typical habitus cannot be misidentified. Nevertheless, it is quite variable and its final taxonomy is yet to be agreed upon. Over ten var. and f. subtaxa have been described, but their relevance is still discussed. Apothecia are almost never encountered. This lichen is poisonous and was once used to poison foxes and wolfs. It contains yellow vulpinic acid, which dissolves in water if you soak the thallus in it and makes it yellow. It is speculated that its biological function is as a repellent for some herbivores. All chemical reactions are negative but one actually doesn't need them for reliable identification since its morphological traits suffice. Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Dr. Igor Dakskobler, Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences. (2) http://lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=54471 (access 19.8.2017) (3) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 412. (4) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 34. (5) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 556. (6) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV Naturfrer (2002), p 78.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: At the tree line, S faced steep alpine grassland, open space, fully exposed to sun and rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.900 m (6.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of a trunk and branches of Larix decidua. Comment: very old examples photographed
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Syn.: Cladonia bacillaris - Habitat: Light mixed wood with bushes, densely overgrown ground, settled alluvial calcareous river deposits, flat terrain, quite sunny, humid air, exposed to precipitations, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 360 m (1.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Pinus sp. stump, partly debarked. - Ref.: - V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer, Vol. 1.and 2.(1995), p330. - I. Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p259. - N. Hodgetts, Cladonia: a field guide, The Joint Nature Conservation Comm. Peterborough (1992), p20.
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Syn.: C. pyxidata ssp. chlorophaea Comment: Determination not certain. Generally, field characters of C. chlopolraea from literature fit well to pictures. However, habitus of the speciment shown shows narrower than usual cups and frequently inflated podetia stalks, which doesn't seem typical for C.Chlorophaea. Habitat: wood-side, mixed forest with dominant Fagus sylvatica, partly sunny, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 830 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of a partly rotten Fagus sylvativa stump and humus soil beneath it. Ref.: F.Dobson, Lichens, The Richmond Publ. (2005), p135. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p247. N.Hodgetts, Cladonia: a field guide, The Joint Nature Cons.Comm. Peterborough (1992), p20.
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Habitat: On a large boulder on the edge of grassland in an alpine valley, vertical face, east oriented, mostly sunny, partly protected from direct rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 870 m (2.850 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: large hard cancerous boulder Ref.: F. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmond Publ. (2005), p364. V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2., p773. Comment: Determination not certain. Field characters fit well to literature, but no microscopic tests have been done.
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Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563 I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67.
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Habitat: Mountain forest, predominantly Fagus sylvatica, calcareous bedrock, shade, on a low nearly vertical path cut, protected from direct rain by trees canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, altitude 880 m (2.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: mosses and soil
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Determination uncertain. Too many Lecanora-s and no microscopic investigation. Recognized by site only. Habitat: A group of trees in a meadow, close to mixed forest and a village, humid and relatively cold place, no insolation four months a year, precipitation ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 370 m (1.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Juglans regia, south exposed, ~1.5 m off ground.