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Habitat: Wood-side of hardwood forest, next to a dirt road and a farmhouse, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), S oriented, fairly light and sunny place, protected from direct rain by tree canopy, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 530 m (1.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: deciduous tree bark at the tree base.
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Slo.: lasasti bradovec. Habitat: A group of trees in an alpine meadow close to mixed wood-side, flat ground, air humidity medium to high, partly protected from direct rain, in shadow of the tree canopy otherwise sunny, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 degC, 1.8 m above ground, altitude 960 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Salix sp. branches. Ch: medula K+ orange-red, apo.: K+ yellow-orange (pale)
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Habitat: Overgrown rocky base of scree slops, partly in shade, northwest oriented, humid air, fully exposed to precipitations, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 350 m (1.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: on mossy thin soil covered calcareous rocks Ch.: primary squamules and podetia K-, P- Description: Podetia 20 to 30 mm high, 0.8 to 1.8 mm in diameter, gradually thinner toward tips. Their surface uniformly and densely farinose or granular almost from the base to the tip (sorediate ?). At the base, up to 15-30% of their height, distinctly squamulous (sometimes up to the tip), at the base among squamules rarely areolate corticate. Most of the tips pointed with a brown red pyknidia., only rarely forming a small, often distorted, cup with 3 to 5 pyknidia, which have only slightly larger or the same diameter as podetia. Podetia grow from a cluster of larges primary squamules, not from a surface of a large squamule. Most of podetia +/- curved at tips, larger ones usually having one to three side branches (never dichotomously forked). Some podetia have a longitudinal crack in their surface.
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Habitat: Among low alpine shrubs and upland grasses, on a windy ridge, nearly vertical surface northeast faced, only partly exposed to sun and precipitations, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 1-3 deg C, elevation 2.220 m (7.280 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy ground. - Ref.: - V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer, Vol. 2.(1995), p680. - I. Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p504.
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Synonimy.: Biatorina candida (Weber) Jatta, Lecidea candida (Weber) Ach., Psora candida (Weber) Hoffm., Diphloeis candida (Weber) Clem. - Habitat: steep mountain slope southwest aspect; almost vertical calcareous bedrock ground; relatively warm place; full sun; partly protected from direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevations 659 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Cracked, vertical or partly overhanging calcareous rock surface. Comment: Toninia candida seems to be a rather rare lichen in Slovenia. Although Ref. 6 lists a few observations in different phytogeographical regions of Slovenia, Ref. 7 knows a single UTM square with it. A few specimens were found at the place of this observation. Photographed in half damp conditions. Thallus K-, eventually barely noticeable light yellow. No microscopy has been done. Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 911. (2) http://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_T/Toninia_candida.htm (accessed March 19. 2018) (3) U. Suppan, J. Prugger, H. Mayrhofer, Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia, http://members.chello.at/johannes.pruegger/uni/slovenia/ (accessed March 18. 2018) (4) http://dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/italic/italic42?specie=1556&us=fl (accessed March 19. 2018) (5) P.L. Nimis, Image archive of ITALIC, Dryades Project http://dbiodbs.units.it/carso/chiavi_pub52 (6) N. Ogris (ed), Boletus informaticus, Slovenian Forestry Institute http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed March 18. 2918)
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: mixed forest, predominantly Fagus sylvatica, shady and humid, relatively cold region of Bovec basin, north oriented, protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 650 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: moss overgrown limestone rock
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Slo.: ? - Cladonia portentosa (Dufour) Coem. (1865), syn.: Cladonia impexa Harm. (1907), Cladina portentosa (Dufour) Follmann, (1979)- Habitat: at the foot of a low elevation scree slope, among small, retarded Picea abies and Fraxinus ornus trees, southeast inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, quite open, dry and sunny place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 650 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: nutrients poor sandy soil of scree ground. - Comments: This gray-green species of genus Cladonia, growing usually in 'broccoli-like pillows', is quite common locally. It can be found on dry, stony, deteriorating, long time ago abandoned pastures. Its main characteristics are rich, filigree branching and lack of tendency to one-sidedly oriented terminal branches with sharp apices (to the contrast to several other similar species where the branches' tips are more or lessoriented in the same direction). Growing was growing in several, mostly round patches in the vicinity. Round clumps measured up to 20 cm (8') in diameter and had about 5 cm (2') thicknesses. The largest 'continuous' mat found measured about 1 x 0.6 m (3 x 2 feet). Photographed species were in almost dry state. This determination seems quite probable but is not completely certain since no chemical tests have been made and several species with similar habitus exist. - Ref.: (1) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 142. (2) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 319. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Vol. 1. Ulmer (1995), p 334. (4) http://www.lichens.lastdragon.org/Cladonia_portentosa.html
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Slo.: ?
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Slo.: no name - syn.: Collema cheileum (Ach.) Ach. - Habitat: light wood, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Juglans regia, Corylus avellana dominant; slightly inclined mountain slope, east-southeast aspect; calcareous, skeletal ground; mostly in shade, relatively warm place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 590 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: mostly vertical surface of calcareous rocks of a stony fence along the path; sometimes associated with mosses. Comments: This find seems to fit well to the traits of (former) Collema crispum as described in Ref. 1 and 2. Morphological traits as well as substratum seem to be right. Also the picture published in Wirt (1995) (Ref.1), which is also cited as relevant in Smith et al. (2009) (Ref.2) shows great similarity with this find. The same seems to be true for the pictures published in Ref.5. The only objection may be, that in this find there are only a few flattened isidia seen. Apparently most of them are still young and hence +/- globose. Collema crispum doesn't seem to be a valid name any more. Recent molecular studies have changed taxonomy of jelly fungi (Collemataceae) drastically. The main morphological distinguishing trait between the largest and commonest genera Collema and Leptogium, that is thallus cortex character, is clearly proven not to be monophyletic. Phylogenetic molecular study (Otlora et al. 2013) (Ref.6) has been done (based on the best unconstrained trees), which resulted in some clades, for which there was no morphology supporting such a classification. In 2014 in order to reconcile morphology and molecular data, a new classification for Collemataceae was proposed (Ref.3). Based on slightly constrained topology ten clades were proposed. All of them can be characterized using a combination of traits as habitat preference, thallus habit, ascospore characteristics, thallus anatomical structure, and cortex. Now, following Index Fungorum the name Collema crispum (Hudson) Weber ex Wigg. is a synonym. Corresponding current name is Blennothallia crispa (Huds.) Otlora, P.M. Jrg. & Wedin, Fungal Diversity 64: 282 (2014). According to the key published in Otlora et al. (2014) (Ref.3) genus Blennothallia should have thallus with partially paraplectenchymatous medulla (a fungal tissue consisting of more or less isodiametric, rounded to angular cells) and Nostoc photobiont in short chains with less than 3 cells. Both traits clearly do not correspond to my find. According to the key the observed non-paraplectenchymatous medulla and very long Nostoc chains speak in favor of (new) Collema or (new) Lathagrium genus. But Collema is now mainly a corticolous genus and my find is strictly saxicolous. Also in the list of species C. crispum doesn't exist. Similarly in the (new) genus Lathagrium the name L. crispum does not exist. Also, for (new) genus Lathagrium very frequent apothecia are characteristic. But I haven't found a single one on more than ten specimens carefully checked. Thus I don't know how to properly name this find (even not to genus level). I will stay with old Collema crispum although it is possible that this find is not that or that I missed something in this complex naming issue? Any help or idea is very much welcome. Thallus loosely attached to the rock by scattered whitish hapters; photographed in wet state after rainy days; isidiate; blackish-brown and fragile when dry. Thallus up to 20 x 5 cm large but usually much smaller; many (>20) specimens present all along the stony fence. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 354. (2) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 349. (3) Otlora, M., Jrgensen, P., Wedin, M. (2014) A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae, Fungal diversity, 64:: 275-293 available at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:693928/FULLTEXT03 (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 151. (5) http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/cgi-bin/lav_foto.pl?gen=Blennothallia&sp=crispa zelo podobne slike (6) Otlora MAG, Aragn G, Martnez I, Wedin M (2013) Cardinal characters on a slippery slope - a reevaluation of phylogeny, character evolution, and evolutionary rates in the jelly lichens (Collemataceae s. str). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 68:185-198 (available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:677720/FULLTEXT01.pdf)
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Slo.: ? - syn.: Physconia pulverulacea Moberg. Lichen distortus With. - Habitat: tree hedge between abandoned pastures; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: bark of medium and small size branches of (almost) stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. - Comment: Physconia distorta is a widespread and common foliose lichen growing almost on the whole world. After longer rains, when it is soaked with rain it is deep green and beautiful, while when dry, it is dark brown, brown-grayish or gray and much less attractive. The species can be recognized by: usually abundant apothecia (see Pic.3), thallus without soralia, soredia, maculae or cilia and abundant black, bottle-brush-like rhizines (see Pic.10) forming a dense mat on the underside of the thallus (see Pic.8). Thallus underside is dark in older parts but much lighter toward the edges and rhizines are almost simple on the thallus margins. The upper canopy branches of the tree examined were full of specimens of this species. Pictures taken after several rainy days, except Pic.9 and 17, which show dry specimen. Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, R. Dll, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 86. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 728. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 343. (4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society (2009), p 704.
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Slo.: ? - Syn.: Parmelia pastillifera (Harm.) R. Schub. & Klem., Parmelia tiliacea var. pastillifera (Harm.) Grummann - Habitat: tree hedge between abandoned pastures; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of medium and small size branches of (almost) stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. Comment: Parmelina pastillifera is a small to middle-size but beautiful and conspicuous lichen. Its rosettes 2-7(10) cm in diameter are characteristic by its light mineral-gray to whitish appearance with blue tint, appressed to substrate lobes with a thin, dark edge and few short cilia. Thallus underside is black (but lighter near the edge) with crowded, simple, black rhizines. The species loves precipitations. So, no wander it feels well in Trenta valley with its about 3.000 mm (120 inches) of rain per year. However, there exists another, more frequent species, Parmelina tiliacea, which is very similar to Parmelina pastillifera. It is practically impossible to distinguish both by habit only. In spite of this, they can be easily separated by observing their isidia (magnifying glass required). Both species have isidia when grown up. Parmelina pastillifera has black, button- or bun-shaped isidia, many of them are stalked. When they break off a small, white scar remains on the thallus surface (Ref.: 2) (see picture 7). On the other side Parmelina tiliacea has dark brown, cylindrical or coralloid isidia. Both species are rather rare and on the Red List at least in Germany (Ref.:5). In this observation many specimens were growing on branches (having 24 cm in diameter) of this tree. All of them were sterile (without apothecia), which is almost always the case. Ref.: (1) C.W. Smith, et al, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 657. (2) V. Wirth, R. Dll, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 74. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 665. (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 305. (5) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV (2002), p 74. (6) http://www.lichens.lastdragon.org/Parmelina_pastillifera.html (accessed Feb. 17. 2018)
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Photo by Martin Hutten provided to the California Lichen Society's Conservation Committee for use as a species of concern.
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Slo.: zlati rjavek - syn.: syn.: Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia olivacea var. subaurifera (Nyl.) O.J. Rich., Parmelia subaurifera Nyl. - Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of small branches and twigs of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. Comment: Melanelixia subaurifera is a rather small, only a few cm in diameter, adpressed, thin, matt and brown lichen. When dry and growing on brown, rough tree bark it requires some attention to be spotted. When damp, after rain, it becomes olive green and shinier and hence quite conspicuous. It is a widely distributed all over the world and on many places a common lichen. Habitus of the find seems quite convincing for Melanelixia subaurifera. Optional similar species Melanelixia subargentifera was abandoned because I was able to find neither tiny cortical hairs toward lobe margins and ends (Ref.1) nor purine on the thallus (Ref.5). The lichens were not found on tree's trunk or at the base of it (Ref.2), but rather on small twigs, which doesn't match to Melanelixia subargentifera. However, Melanelixia can be easily confused also with brown species of Xanthoparmelia species. Morphological differences are small, however, chemistry is different. My determination is not completely reliable because no chemical tests have been done. Naming of this species is also to some extent questionable. Index Fungorum keeps the name Melanelixia subaurifera as a synonym of 'current name' Melanelia subaurifera, while MycoBank claims the opposite. It seems to me that recent references mostly follow MycoBank. Lichens of this observation were photographed in damp state. Many specimens were found on this tree. Captures: Overgrown/Shown with Xanthoria parietina. Ref.: (1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 572. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 656. (as Parmelia subaurifera) (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 264. (as Melanelia subaurifera) (4) http://lichenportal.org/portal/imagelib/imgdetails.php?imgid=192575 (accessed May 22. 2018) podobne slike (5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 439. (as Melanelia subaurifera) (6) http://www.waysofenlichenment.net/lichens/Melanelixia%20subaurifera slika (7) http://dbiodbs.units.it/italic/chiavi_pub25?usr=admin&n=716&specie=1149&ita=slo&log1=&log2=&link1=&link2=&banno1=banner_big_siitLichenislo.jpg&banno2=banner_small_siitLichenislo.jpg&des_no=note&lecca=italic slika opis
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Habitat: Small pastures delimited by stone and rock walls; south oriented warm mountain slope, calcareous ground, fairly sunny and dry place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 630 m (2.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Bare vertical calcareous rock (limestone or dolomite). - Comment: A few patches found up to 12 x 6 cm dimension in fairly humid state. Ref.:(3) states apothecia to be rare with this species. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, Ljubljana - Ref.: (1) http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/lav/Photo_Gallery/PG_index.html (2) http://www.stridvall.se/lichens/gallery/Collema/BBBB3687 (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.1. Ulmer (1995), p 347. (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 154.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: wood-side, mostly in shade, protected from direct rain by tree canopies, 1,5 m above ground, flat terrain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 450 m (1.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: NW faced Quercus robur bark
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Habitat: on top of a south oriented dirt road cut, almost full sun, dry, precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 890 m (2.900 feet) Substratum: moss and calcareous soil encrusted base of tree stump. Ref: C.Smith et all, The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p672. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p520. V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol.2, p689.