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Slo.: volji liaj - syn.: Evernia vulpina Ach. - Habitat: old, mixed, coniferous, mountain forest, Larix decidua and Picea abies; northwest oriented mountain slope, locally almost flat terrain; calcareous ground; mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 2.800 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevations 1655 m (5.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Place: Mont Kamniti Lovec, 2.071 m (6.795 feet) mountain group; northwest of the pick; above the dirt road from village Ovja vas (Valbruna) to Svete Viarje (Borgo Lussari), near mountain trail 617, West Julian Alps, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy EC. Comment: Letharia vulpina is a species distributed mainly in West USA. However, it can be found also in Europe, mostly in mountains of Norway and less frequently in the Alps including southeast Alps in Slovenia. A few times it has been found also in mountains of Turkey. This species is quite rare and hard to find in my country in spite of the fact that it is conspicuous because of its bright color. It is very easy to recognize it. Its bright yellow or greenish-yellow, heavily sorediate thallus and typical habitus cannot be misidentified. Nevertheless, it is quite variable and its final taxonomy is yet to be agreed upon. Over ten var. and f. subtaxa have been described, but their relevance is still discussed. Apothecia are almost never encountered. This lichen is poisonous and was once used to poison foxes and wolfs. It contains yellow vulpinic acid, which dissolves in water if you soak the thallus in it and makes it yellow. It is speculated that its biological function is as a repellent for some herbivores. All chemical reactions are negative but one actually doesn't need them for reliable identification since its morphological traits suffice. Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Dr. Igor Dakskobler, Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences. (2) http://lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=54471 (access 19.8.2017) (3) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 412. (4) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 34. (5) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 556. (6) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV Naturfrer (2002), p 78.
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Slo.: navadni rogovilar - syn.: Parmelia nuda (Ach.) Gyeln., Parmelia furfuracea (L.) Ach., Hypogymnia furfuracea (L.) Krog, Evernia furfuracea (L.) W. Mann, Borrera furfuracea (L.) Ach., Lobaria furfuracea (L.) Hoffm. - Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of smaller branches of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia.Comment: Pseudevernia furfuracea is a very common foliose-shrubby lichen in general and also in Trenta valley, particularly on higher elevations. It climbs up to the tree border elevations. It can be found on bark of deciduous trees as well as on conifers and sometimes also on rocks. Pictures show a young, still small specimen in damp state. Hence the thallus is almost white. Grown up specimens are darker - gray or brownish-gray, often densely covered with isidia and dark brown to black underneath. When old they sometimes become of bizarre shapes appearing completely different from these pictures. Apothecia are rare.The species is very variable. Probably the best trait for determination is its growth. Terminal thallus strap-shaped lobes divide widely divergent and quite strictly dichotomously. All terminal lobes remain in a single plane and they are rather short. When dry the edges of the straps curl strongly inwards, sometimes completely covering the lower, black side of the straps. A very similarly looking habit has another common lichen - Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.. But, its lobes are usually greenish, often net-veined above and white beneath (also when old).Lichen was 3 to 4 cm tall growing on a relatively thin branch. 5% KOH reaction on thallus was yellow-green. Only one specimen has been found on this tree. Otherwise about 25 different lichen species have been spotted on it.Ref.:(1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 759.(2) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 36.(3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 782.(4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 368.
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Syn.: Cladonia bacillaris - Habitat: Light mixed wood with bushes, densely overgrown ground, settled alluvial calcareous river deposits, flat terrain, quite sunny, humid air, exposed to precipitations, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 360 m (1.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Pinus sp. stump, partly debarked. - Ref.: - V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer, Vol. 1.and 2.(1995), p330. - I. Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p259. - N. Hodgetts, Cladonia: a field guide, The Joint Nature Conservation Comm. Peterborough (1992), p20.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: stony upland grassland, fully wind, sun and precipitations exposed, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, altitude 1.910 m (6.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil.
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Habitat: On a large boulder on the edge of grassland in an alpine valley, vertical face, east oriented, mostly sunny, partly protected from direct rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 870 m (2.850 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: large hard cancerous boulder Ref.: F. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmond Publ. (2005), p364. V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2., p773. Comment: Determination not certain. Field characters fit well to literature, but no microscopic tests have been done.
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Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67.
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Determination uncertain. Too many Lecanora-s and no microscopic investigation. Recognized by site only. Habitat: A group of trees in a meadow, close to mixed forest and a village, humid and relatively cold place, no insolation four months a year, precipitation ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 370 m (1.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Juglans regia, south exposed, ~1.5 m off ground.
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Slo.: lasasti bradovec. Habitat: A group of trees in an alpine meadow close to mixed wood-side, flat ground, air humidity medium to high, partly protected from direct rain, in shadow of the tree canopy otherwise sunny, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 degC, 1.8 m above ground, altitude 960 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Salix sp. branches. Ch: medula K+ orange-red, apo.: K+ yellow-orange (pale)
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Habitat: Among low alpine shrubs and upland grasses, on a windy ridge, nearly vertical surface northeast faced, only partly exposed to sun and precipitations, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 1-3 deg C, elevation 2.220 m (7.280 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy ground. - Ref.: - V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer, Vol. 2.(1995), p680. - I. Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p504.
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Slo.: navadni rumencek - Substrata: a dry branch of a bush
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Synonimy.: Biatorina candida (Weber) Jatta, Lecidea candida (Weber) Ach., Psora candida (Weber) Hoffm., Diphloeis candida (Weber) Clem. - Habitat: steep mountain slope southwest aspect; almost vertical calcareous bedrock ground; relatively warm place; full sun; partly protected from direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevations 659 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Cracked, vertical or partly overhanging calcareous rock surface. Comment: Toninia candida seems to be a rather rare lichen in Slovenia. Although Ref. 6 lists a few observations in different phytogeographical regions of Slovenia, Ref. 7 knows a single UTM square with it. A few specimens were found at the place of this observation. Photographed in half damp conditions. Thallus K-, eventually barely noticeable light yellow. No microscopy has been done. Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 911. (2) http://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_T/Toninia_candida.htm (accessed March 19. 2018) (3) U. Suppan, J. Prugger, H. Mayrhofer, Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia, http://members.chello.at/johannes.pruegger/uni/slovenia/ (accessed March 18. 2018) (4) http://dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/italic/italic42?specie=1556&us=fl (accessed March 19. 2018) (5) P.L. Nimis, Image archive of ITALIC, Dryades Project http://dbiodbs.units.it/carso/chiavi_pub52 (6) N. Ogris (ed), Boletus informaticus, Slovenian Forestry Institute http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed March 18. 2918)
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Shown with young leaves of Rumex scutatus. - Slo.: ? - Cladonia portentosa (Dufour) Coem. (1865), syn.: Cladonia impexa Harm. (1907), Cladina portentosa (Dufour) Follmann, (1979)- Habitat: at the foot of a low elevation scree slope, among small, retarded Picea abies and Fraxinus ornus trees, southeast inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, quite open, dry and sunny place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 650 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: nutrients poor sandy soil of scree ground. - Comments: This gray-green species of genus Cladonia, growing usually in 'broccoli-like pillows', is quite common locally. It can be found on dry, stony, deteriorating, long time ago abandoned pastures. Its main characteristics are rich, filigree branching and lack of tendency to one-sidedly oriented terminal branches with sharp apices (to the contrast to several other similar species where the branches' tips are more or lessoriented in the same direction). Growing was growing in several, mostly round patches in the vicinity. Round clumps measured up to 20 cm (8') in diameter and had about 5 cm (2') thicknesses. The largest 'continuous' mat found measured about 1 x 0.6 m (3 x 2 feet). Photographed species were in almost dry state. This determination seems quite probable but is not completely certain since no chemical tests have been made and several species with similar habitus exist. - Ref.: (1) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 142. (2) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 319. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Vol. 1. Ulmer (1995), p 334. (4) http://www.lichens.lastdragon.org/Cladonia_portentosa.html
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Slo.: ? - nearly dry condition
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Slo.: no name - syn.: Collema cheileum (Ach.) Ach. - Habitat: light wood, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Juglans regia, Corylus avellana dominant; slightly inclined mountain slope, east-southeast aspect; calcareous, skeletal ground; mostly in shade, relatively warm place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 590 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: mostly vertical surface of calcareous rocks of a stony fence along the path; sometimes associated with mosses. Comments: This find seems to fit well to the traits of (former) Collema crispum as described in Ref. 1 and 2. Morphological traits as well as substratum seem to be right. Also the picture published in Wirt (1995) (Ref.1), which is also cited as relevant in Smith et al. (2009) (Ref.2) shows great similarity with this find. The same seems to be true for the pictures published in Ref.5. The only objection may be, that in this find there are only a few flattened isidia seen. Apparently most of them are still young and hence +/- globose. Collema crispum doesn't seem to be a valid name any more. Recent molecular studies have changed taxonomy of jelly fungi (Collemataceae) drastically. The main morphological distinguishing trait between the largest and commonest genera Collema and Leptogium, that is thallus cortex character, is clearly proven not to be monophyletic. Phylogenetic molecular study (Otlora et al. 2013) (Ref.6) has been done (based on the best unconstrained trees), which resulted in some clades, for which there was no morphology supporting such a classification. In 2014 in order to reconcile morphology and molecular data, a new classification for Collemataceae was proposed (Ref.3). Based on slightly constrained topology ten clades were proposed. All of them can be characterized using a combination of traits as habitat preference, thallus habit, ascospore characteristics, thallus anatomical structure, and cortex. Now, following Index Fungorum the name Collema crispum (Hudson) Weber ex Wigg. is a synonym. Corresponding current name is Blennothallia crispa (Huds.) Otlora, P.M. Jrg. & Wedin, Fungal Diversity 64: 282 (2014). According to the key published in Otlora et al. (2014) (Ref.3) genus Blennothallia should have thallus with partially paraplectenchymatous medulla (a fungal tissue consisting of more or less isodiametric, rounded to angular cells) and Nostoc photobiont in short chains with less than 3 cells. Both traits clearly do not correspond to my find. According to the key the observed non-paraplectenchymatous medulla and very long Nostoc chains speak in favor of (new) Collema or (new) Lathagrium genus. But Collema is now mainly a corticolous genus and my find is strictly saxicolous. Also in the list of species C. crispum doesn't exist. Similarly in the (new) genus Lathagrium the name L. crispum does not exist. Also, for (new) genus Lathagrium very frequent apothecia are characteristic. But I haven't found a single one on more than ten specimens carefully checked. Thus I don't know how to properly name this find (even not to genus level). I will stay with old Collema crispum although it is possible that this find is not that or that I missed something in this complex naming issue? Any help or idea is very much welcome. Thallus loosely attached to the rock by scattered whitish hapters; photographed in wet state after rainy days; isidiate; blackish-brown and fragile when dry. Thallus up to 20 x 5 cm large but usually much smaller; many (>20) specimens present all along the stony fence. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 354. (2) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 349. (3) Otlora, M., Jrgensen, P., Wedin, M. (2014) A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae, Fungal diversity, 64:: 275-293 available at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:693928/FULLTEXT03 (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 151. (5) http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/cgi-bin/lav_foto.pl?gen=Blennothallia&sp=crispa zelo podobne slike (6) Otlora MAG, Aragn G, Martnez I, Wedin M (2013) Cardinal characters on a slippery slope - a reevaluation of phylogeny, character evolution, and evolutionary rates in the jelly lichens (Collemataceae s. str). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 68:185-198 (available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:677720/FULLTEXT01.pdf)