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Slo.: ? - syn.: Physconia pulverulacea Moberg. Lichen distortus With. - Habitat: tree hedge between abandoned pastures; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: bark of medium and small size branches of (almost) stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. - Comment: Physconia distorta is a widespread and common foliose lichen growing almost on the whole world. After longer rains, when it is soaked with rain it is deep green and beautiful, while when dry, it is dark brown, brown-grayish or gray and much less attractive. The species can be recognized by: usually abundant apothecia (see Pic.3), thallus without soralia, soredia, maculae or cilia and abundant black, bottle-brush-like rhizines (see Pic.10) forming a dense mat on the underside of the thallus (see Pic.8). Thallus underside is dark in older parts but much lighter toward the edges and rhizines are almost simple on the thallus margins. The upper canopy branches of the tree examined were full of specimens of this species. Pictures taken after several rainy days, except Pic.9 and 17, which show dry specimen. Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, R. Dll, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 86. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 728. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 343. (4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society (2009), p 704.
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Photo by Martin Hutten provided to the California Lichen Society's Conservation Committee for use as a species of concern.
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Slo.: zlati rjavek - syn.: syn.: Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia olivacea var. subaurifera (Nyl.) O.J. Rich., Parmelia subaurifera Nyl. - Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of small branches and twigs of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. Comment: Melanelixia subaurifera is a rather small, only a few cm in diameter, adpressed, thin, matt and brown lichen. When dry and growing on brown, rough tree bark it requires some attention to be spotted. When damp, after rain, it becomes olive green and shinier and hence quite conspicuous. It is a widely distributed all over the world and on many places a common lichen. Habitus of the find seems quite convincing for Melanelixia subaurifera. Optional similar species Melanelixia subargentifera was abandoned because I was able to find neither tiny cortical hairs toward lobe margins and ends (Ref.1) nor purine on the thallus (Ref.5). The lichens were not found on tree's trunk or at the base of it (Ref.2), but rather on small twigs, which doesn't match to Melanelixia subargentifera. However, Melanelixia can be easily confused also with brown species of Xanthoparmelia species. Morphological differences are small, however, chemistry is different. My determination is not completely reliable because no chemical tests have been done. Naming of this species is also to some extent questionable. Index Fungorum keeps the name Melanelixia subaurifera as a synonym of 'current name' Melanelia subaurifera, while MycoBank claims the opposite. It seems to me that recent references mostly follow MycoBank. Lichens of this observation were photographed in damp state. Many specimens were found on this tree. Captures: Overgrown/Shown with Xanthoria parietina. Ref.: (1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 572. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 656. (as Parmelia subaurifera) (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 264. (as Melanelia subaurifera) (4) http://lichenportal.org/portal/imagelib/imgdetails.php?imgid=192575 (accessed May 22. 2018) podobne slike (5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 439. (as Melanelia subaurifera) (6) http://www.waysofenlichenment.net/lichens/Melanelixia%20subaurifera slika (7) http://dbiodbs.units.it/italic/chiavi_pub25?usr=admin&n=716&specie=1149&ita=slo&log1=&log2=&link1=&link2=&banno1=banner_big_siitLichenislo.jpg&banno2=banner_small_siitLichenislo.jpg&des_no=note&lecca=italic slika opis
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: wood-side, mostly in shade, protected from direct rain by tree canopies, 1,5 m above ground, flat terrain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 450 m (1.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: NW faced Quercus robur bark
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Habitat: Mixed woods, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, humid and relatively cool place, in shade, rain protected by trees' canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 570 m (1.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: heavily rotten Picea abies stump, SW oriented Ref.: Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembers, Ulmer, Vol.1. p322 Brodo, Sharnoff, Sharnof, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press, p247
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Slo.: ? - syn.: Parmelia stellaris f. aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Hazsl., Xanthoria aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Horw. - Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of smaller branches of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. Comment: When dry Physcia aipolia doesn't seem very attractive lichen. It is monotonously whitish-gray or gray and blends well with grayish bark of tree branches and twigs. However, when wet its bluish or greenish colors pop out distinctly. Its dark and almost always abundant apothecia pup out from much lighter thallus and its distinctive maculae (white spots on greenish thallus) become very apparent. Physcia aipolia is quite a common lichen and has been recorded in Slovenian Alps many times (Ref.: 6, 7, 8). It can be distinguished from several other similar Physcia species by distinctive maculae, yellow K reaction of thallus and medulla and pale lower side of the thallus having pale rhizines. It is mostly growing on small and medium size branches of smooth barked trees. Ref.: (1) C.W. Smith, et al, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 700. (2) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 549. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1. 2., Ulmer (1995), p xx. (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 338. (5) https://www.123pilze.de/DreamHC/Download/Ziegen-Schwielenflechte.htm (accessed 1.2.2018) (6) Boletus Informaticus Database, Forestry Institute of Slovenia http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed 1.2.2018) (7) Prgger et all. 'Alphabetical list of lichenized fungi for the six phytogeographical regions of Slovenia', http://members.chello.at/johannes.pruegger/uni/slovenia/ (accessed 1.2.2018) (8) F. Bati, K. Primoi, B. Surina, T. Trot & H. Mayzhofer, Contributions to the lichen flora of Slovenia X. - Contributions to the lichen flora from the Slovenian Julian Alps, Herzogia 16, (2003): 143154
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Syn.: Xanthocarpia ochracea (Schaer.) A. Massal. & De Not., Blastenia ochracea (Schaer.) Trevis., Callopisma ochraceum (Schaer.) A. Massal., Gyalecta tetrasticha (Nyl.) Jatta, Lecidea ochracea Schaer., Triophthalmidium tetrasticha (Nyl.) Gyeln., Placodium tetrastichum (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Biatora aurantiaca var. ochracea (Schaer.) Rabenh - Habitat: stony fence dividing former mountain pastures; scattered trees and bushes around; slightly inclined terrain, southeast aspect; colluvial, calcareous ground; quite sunny, dry place; elevation 600 m (1.950 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: inclined surface of limestone rock. Comment: Caloplaca ochracea is a conspicuous saxicolous lichen because of its bright colored thallus. However, genus Caloplaca includes many species and several have yellow thallus and apothecia. Looking at spores seems necessary for a reliable determination. Mature, released spores have not been found. Instead those released by pressure during preparation of hymenium squash are shown and measured. Their dimensions fit to expectations, but they were of much variable internal structure. Most of them were 4-loculate, some of them also with for Caloplaca ochracea typical narrow channel-like loculi between both terminal ones. Asci were 4-spored, which fits to Caloplaca ochracea. Thallus and apothecia K+ crimson. Spores smooth, thick walled, most of them 4-loculate. Dimensions: (11) 12 - 18 (18,5) (5,5) 5,8 - 7,4 (7,5) m; Q = (1,9) 1,95 - 2,55 (2,6); N = 13; Me = 14,9 6,5 m. Olympus CH20; NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; in water, fresh material. Asci about 60 x 13 m, clavate, 4-spored. Paraphyses with septa having thickened, rounded ends; up to 5 m in diameter at the end. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Picture 15 shows herbarium specimen; Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland. Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 235. (2) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 106. (3) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 268. SP (4) http://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Caloplaca_ochracea.htm (accessed March 29. 2018)
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moist state
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Slo.: volji liaj - syn.: Evernia vulpina Ach. - Habitat: old, mixed, coniferous, mountain forest, Larix decidua and Picea abies; northwest oriented mountain slope, locally almost flat terrain; calcareous ground; mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopy; average precipitations ~ 2.800 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevations 1655 m (5.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Place: Mont Kamniti Lovec, 2.071 m (6.795 feet) mountain group; northwest of the pick; above the dirt road from village Ovja vas (Valbruna) to Svete Viarje (Borgo Lussari), near mountain trail 617, West Julian Alps, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Italy EC. Comment: Letharia vulpina is a species distributed mainly in West USA. However, it can be found also in Europe, mostly in mountains of Norway and less frequently in the Alps including southeast Alps in Slovenia. A few times it has been found also in mountains of Turkey. This species is quite rare and hard to find in my country in spite of the fact that it is conspicuous because of its bright color. It is very easy to recognize it. Its bright yellow or greenish-yellow, heavily sorediate thallus and typical habitus cannot be misidentified. Nevertheless, it is quite variable and its final taxonomy is yet to be agreed upon. Over ten var. and f. subtaxa have been described, but their relevance is still discussed. Apothecia are almost never encountered. This lichen is poisonous and was once used to poison foxes and wolfs. It contains yellow vulpinic acid, which dissolves in water if you soak the thallus in it and makes it yellow. It is speculated that its biological function is as a repellent for some herbivores. All chemical reactions are negative but one actually doesn't need them for reliable identification since its morphological traits suffice. Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Dr. Igor Dakskobler, Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences. (2) http://lichenportal.org/portal/taxa/index.php?taxon=54471 (access 19.8.2017) (3) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 412. (4) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 34. (5) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 556. (6) B. Marbach, C. Kainz, Moose, Farne und Flechten, BLV Naturfrer (2002), p 78.
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Slo.: navadni rogovilar - syn.: Parmelia nuda (Ach.) Gyeln., Parmelia furfuracea (L.) Ach., Hypogymnia furfuracea (L.) Krog, Evernia furfuracea (L.) W. Mann, Borrera furfuracea (L.) Ach., Lobaria furfuracea (L.) Hoffm. - Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of smaller branches of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. Comment: Pseudevernia furfuracea is a very common foliose-shrubby lichen in general and also in Trenta valley, particularly on higher elevations. It climbs up to the tree border elevations. It can be found on bark of deciduous trees as well as on conifers and sometimes also on rocks. Pictures show a young, still small specimen in damp state. Hence the thallus is almost white. Grown up specimens are darker - gray or brownish-gray, often densely covered with isidia and dark brown to black underneath. When old they sometimes become of bizarre shapes appearing completely different from these pictures. Apothecia are rare. The species is very variable. Probably the best trait for determination is its growth. Terminal thallus strap-shaped lobes divide widely divergent and quite strictly dichotomously. All terminal lobes remain in a single plane and they are rather short. When dry the edges of the straps curl strongly inwards, sometimes completely covering the lower, black side of the straps. A very similarly looking habit has another common lichen - Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.. But, its lobes are usually greenish, often net-veined above and white beneath (also when old). Lichen was 3 to 4 cm tall growing on a relatively thin branch. 5% KOH reaction on thallus was yellow-green. Only one specimen has been found on this tree. Otherwise about 25 different lichen species have been spotted on it. Ref.: (1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 759. (2) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 36. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 782. (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 368.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: stony upland grassland, fully wind, sun and precipitations exposed, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, altitude 1.910 m (6.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil.
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Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67.
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Determination uncertain. Too many Lecanora-s and no microscopic investigation. Recognized by site only. Habitat: A group of trees in a meadow, close to mixed forest and a village, humid and relatively cold place, no insolation four months a year, precipitation ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 370 m (1.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Juglans regia, south exposed, ~1.5 m off ground.
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Slo.: lasasti bradovec. Habitat: A group of trees in an alpine meadow close to mixed wood-side, flat ground, air humidity medium to high, partly protected from direct rain, in shadow of the tree canopy otherwise sunny, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 degC, 1.8 m above ground, altitude 960 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Salix sp. branches. Ch: medula K+ orange-red, apo.: K+ yellow-orange (pale)