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Syn.: Xanthocarpia ochracea (Schaer.) A. Massal. & De Not., Blastenia ochracea (Schaer.) Trevis., Callopisma ochraceum (Schaer.) A. Massal., Gyalecta tetrasticha (Nyl.) Jatta, Lecidea ochracea Schaer., Triophthalmidium tetrasticha (Nyl.) Gyeln., Placodium tetrastichum (Nyl.) H. Olivier, Biatora aurantiaca var. ochracea (Schaer.) Rabenh - Habitat: stony fence dividing former mountain pastures; scattered trees and bushes around; slightly inclined terrain, southeast aspect; colluvial, calcareous ground; quite sunny, dry place; elevation 600 m (1.950 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: inclined surface of limestone rock. Comment: Caloplaca ochracea is a conspicuous saxicolous lichen because of its bright colored thallus. However, genus Caloplaca includes many species and several have yellow thallus and apothecia. Looking at spores seems necessary for a reliable determination. Mature, released spores have not been found. Instead those released by pressure during preparation of hymenium squash are shown and measured. Their dimensions fit to expectations, but they were of much variable internal structure. Most of them were 4-loculate, some of them also with for Caloplaca ochracea typical narrow channel-like loculi between both terminal ones. Asci were 4-spored, which fits to Caloplaca ochracea. Thallus and apothecia K+ crimson. Spores smooth, thick walled, most of them 4-loculate. Dimensions: (11) 12 - 18 (18,5) (5,5) 5,8 - 7,4 (7,5) m; Q = (1,9) 1,95 - 2,55 (2,6); N = 13; Me = 14,9 6,5 m. Olympus CH20; NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; in water, fresh material. Asci about 60 x 13 m, clavate, 4-spored. Paraphyses with septa having thickened, rounded ends; up to 5 m in diameter at the end. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Picture 15 shows herbarium specimen; Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland. Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 235. (2) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 106. (3) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 268. SP (4) http://www.afl-lichenologie.fr/Photos_AFL/Photos_AFL_C/Caloplaca_ochracea.htm (accessed March 29. 2018)
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allmost dry state
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Slo.: navadni rogovilar - syn.: Parmelia nuda (Ach.) Gyeln., Parmelia furfuracea (L.) Ach., Hypogymnia furfuracea (L.) Krog, Evernia furfuracea (L.) W. Mann, Borrera furfuracea (L.) Ach., Lobaria furfuracea (L.) Hoffm. - Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of smaller branches of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. Comment: Pseudevernia furfuracea is a very common foliose-shrubby lichen in general and also in Trenta valley, particularly on higher elevations. It climbs up to the tree border elevations. It can be found on bark of deciduous trees as well as on conifers and sometimes also on rocks. Pictures show a young, still small specimen in damp state. Hence the thallus is almost white. Grown up specimens are darker - gray or brownish-gray, often densely covered with isidia and dark brown to black underneath. When old they sometimes become of bizarre shapes appearing completely different from these pictures. Apothecia are rare. The species is very variable. Probably the best trait for determination is its growth. Terminal thallus strap-shaped lobes divide widely divergent and quite strictly dichotomously. All terminal lobes remain in a single plane and they are rather short. When dry the edges of the straps curl strongly inwards, sometimes completely covering the lower, black side of the straps. A very similarly looking habit has another common lichen - Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.. But, its lobes are usually greenish, often net-veined above and white beneath (also when old). Lichen was 3 to 4 cm tall growing on a relatively thin branch. 5% KOH reaction on thallus was yellow-green. Only one specimen has been found on this tree. Otherwise about 25 different lichen species have been spotted on it. Ref.: (1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 759. (2) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 36. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 782. (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 368.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: stony upland grassland, fully wind, sun and precipitations exposed, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, altitude 1.910 m (6.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil.
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Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67. Lower side.
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Slo.: ? Cortex: K+ yelow, C-, KC pale yelow-orange, P-; medula: K-, C-, KC-, P- Habitat: a small group of trees on a meadow, 1.5 m above ground, E exp., exp. to sun 40%, flat ground, precipitations >3.000 mm/year, exposure to precipitation high, humidity medium to high. Substratum: bark of the trunk of Salix sp., vertically positioned
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Determination uncertain. Too many Lecanora-s and no microscopic investigation. Recognized by site only. Habitat: A group of trees in a meadow, close to mixed forest and a village, humid and relatively cold place, no insolation four months a year, precipitation ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 370 m (1.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Juglans regia, south exposed, ~1.5 m off ground.
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Underside
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Slo.: lasasti bradovec. Habitat: A group of trees in an alpine meadow close to mixed wood-side, flat ground, air humidity medium to high, partly protected from direct rain, in shadow of the tree canopy otherwise sunny, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 degC, 1.8 m above ground, altitude 960 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Salix sp. branches. Ch: medula K+ orange-red, apo.: K+ yellow-orange (pale)
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Slo.: navadni rumencek - Habitat: Grassland 100 m from wood-side in fence bushes, level ground, 1.2 m above ground, full sun exposure, full rain exposed, precipitations >3.000 mm/year. Substrata: a dry branch of a bush
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Habitat: upland stony grassland at tree line, substrate: vertical to over hanged limestone bedrock, south exposition, full sun, most of the time a dry place, precipitations > 3.000 mm/year
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Slo.:
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Shown with young leaves of Rumex scutatus. - Slo.: ? - Cladonia portentosa (Dufour) Coem. (1865), syn.: Cladonia impexa Harm. (1907), Cladina portentosa (Dufour) Follmann, (1979)- Habitat: at the foot of a low elevation scree slope, among small, retarded Picea abies and Fraxinus ornus trees, southeast inclined mountain slope, calcareous ground, quite open, dry and sunny place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 650 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: nutrients poor sandy soil of scree ground. - Comments: This gray-green species of genus Cladonia, growing usually in 'broccoli-like pillows', is quite common locally. It can be found on dry, stony, deteriorating, long time ago abandoned pastures. Its main characteristics are rich, filigree branching and lack of tendency to one-sidedly oriented terminal branches with sharp apices (to the contrast to several other similar species where the branches' tips are more or lessoriented in the same direction). Growing was growing in several, mostly round patches in the vicinity. Round clumps measured up to 20 cm (8') in diameter and had about 5 cm (2') thicknesses. The largest 'continuous' mat found measured about 1 x 0.6 m (3 x 2 feet). Photographed species were in almost dry state. This determination seems quite probable but is not completely certain since no chemical tests have been made and several species with similar habitus exist. - Ref.: (1) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 142. (2) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 319. (3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Vol. 1. Ulmer (1995), p 334. (4) http://www.lichens.lastdragon.org/Cladonia_portentosa.html
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: Steep, predominantly beech woods, partly shady and humid, nearly vertical roadside, E exposition, partly protected from direct rain, altitude 850 m (2.800 feet), precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 degC, alpine phytogeographical region Substratum: sandy soil overgrown by mosses
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Slo.: no name - syn.: Collema cheileum (Ach.) Ach. - Thallus in cross-section. No cortex visible. - Habitat: light wood, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Juglans regia, Corylus avellana dominant; slightly inclined mountain slope, east-southeast aspect; calcareous, skeletal ground; mostly in shade, relatively warm place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 590 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: mostly vertical surface of calcareous rocks of a stony fence along the path; sometimes associated with mosses. Comments: This find seems to fit well to the traits of (former) Collema crispum as described in Ref. 1 and 2. Morphological traits as well as substratum seem to be right. Also the picture published in Wirt (1995) (Ref.1), which is also cited as relevant in Smith et al. (2009) (Ref.2) shows great similarity with this find. The same seems to be true for the pictures published in Ref.5. The only objection may be, that in this find there are only a few flattened isidia seen. Apparently most of them are still young and hence +/- globose. Collema crispum doesn't seem to be a valid name any more. Recent molecular studies have changed taxonomy of jelly fungi (Collemataceae) drastically. The main morphological distinguishing trait between the largest and commonest genera Collema and Leptogium, that is thallus cortex character, is clearly proven not to be monophyletic. Phylogenetic molecular study (Otlora et al. 2013) (Ref.6) has been done (based on the best unconstrained trees), which resulted in some clades, for which there was no morphology supporting such a classification. In 2014 in order to reconcile morphology and molecular data, a new classification for Collemataceae was proposed (Ref.3). Based on slightly constrained topology ten clades were proposed. All of them can be characterized using a combination of traits as habitat preference, thallus habit, ascospore characteristics, thallus anatomical structure, and cortex. Now, following Index Fungorum the name Collema crispum (Hudson) Weber ex Wigg. is a synonym. Corresponding current name is Blennothallia crispa (Huds.) Otlora, P.M. Jrg. & Wedin, Fungal Diversity 64: 282 (2014). According to the key published in Otlora et al. (2014) (Ref.3) genus Blennothallia should have thallus with partially paraplectenchymatous medulla (a fungal tissue consisting of more or less isodiametric, rounded to angular cells) and Nostoc photobiont in short chains with less than 3 cells. Both traits clearly do not correspond to my find. According to the key the observed non-paraplectenchymatous medulla and very long Nostoc chains speak in favor of (new) Collema or (new) Lathagrium genus. But Collema is now mainly a corticolous genus and my find is strictly saxicolous. Also in the list of species C. crispum doesn't exist. Similarly in the (new) genus Lathagrium the name L. crispum does not exist. Also, for (new) genus Lathagrium very frequent apothecia are characteristic. But I haven't found a single one on more than ten specimens carefully checked. Thus I don't know how to properly name this find (even not to genus level). I will stay with old Collema crispum although it is possible that this find is not that or that I missed something in this complex naming issue? Any help or idea is very much welcome. Thallus loosely attached to the rock by scattered whitish hapters; photographed in wet state after rainy days; isidiate; blackish-brown and fragile when dry. Thallus up to 20 x 5 cm large but usually much smaller; many (>20) specimens present all along the stony fence. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 354. (2) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 349. (3) Otlora, M., Jrgensen, P., Wedin, M. (2014) A revised generic classification of the jelly lichens, Collemataceae, Fungal diversity, 64:: 275-293 available at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:693928/FULLTEXT03 (4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 151. (5) http://nhm2.uio.no/botanisk/cgi-bin/lav_foto.pl?gen=Blennothallia&sp=crispa zelo podobne slike (6) Otlora MAG, Aragn G, Martnez I, Wedin M (2013) Cardinal characters on a slippery slope - a reevaluation of phylogeny, character evolution, and evolutionary rates in the jelly lichens (Collemataceae s. str). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 68:185-198 (available at: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:677720/FULLTEXT01.pdf)
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Slo.: zlati rjavek - syn.: syn.: Melanelia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl., Parmelia olivacea var. subaurifera (Nyl.) O.J. Rich., Parmelia subaurifera Nyl. - Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; colluvial, calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of small branches and twigs of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. Comment: Melanelixia subaurifera is a rather small, only a few cm in diameter, adpressed, thin, matt and brown lichen. When dry and growing on brown, rough tree bark it requires some attention to be spotted. When damp, after rain, it becomes olive green and shinier and hence quite conspicuous. It is a widely distributed all over the world and on many places a common lichen. Habitus of the find seems quite convincing for Melanelixia subaurifera. Optional similar species Melanelixia subargentifera was abandoned because I was able to find neither tiny cortical hairs toward lobe margins and ends (Ref.1) nor purine on the thallus (Ref.5). The lichens were not found on tree's trunk or at the base of it (Ref.2), but rather on small twigs, which doesn't match to Melanelixia subargentifera. However, Melanelixia can be easily confused also with brown species of Xanthoparmelia species. Morphological differences are small, however, chemistry is different. My determination is not completely reliable because no chemical tests have been done. Naming of this species is also to some extent questionable. Index Fungorum keeps the name Melanelixia subaurifera as a synonym of 'current name' Melanelia subaurifera, while MycoBank claims the opposite. It seems to me that recent references mostly follow MycoBank. Lichens of this observation were photographed in damp state. Many specimens were found on this tree. Captures: Overgrown/Shown with Xanthoria parietina. Ref.: (1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 572. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 656. (as Parmelia subaurifera) (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 264. (as Melanelia subaurifera) (4) http://lichenportal.org/portal/imagelib/imgdetails.php?imgid=192575 (accessed May 22. 2018) podobne slike (5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 439. (as Melanelia subaurifera) (6) http://www.waysofenlichenment.net/lichens/Melanelixia%20subaurifera slika (7) http://dbiodbs.units.it/italic/chiavi_pub25?usr=admin&n=716&specie=1149&ita=slo&log1=&log2=&link1=&link2=&banno1=banner_big_siitLichenislo.jpg&banno2=banner_small_siitLichenislo.jpg&des_no=note&lecca=italic slika opis
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