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Habitat: on top of a south oriented dirt road cut, almost full sun, dry, precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 890 m (2.900 feet) Substratum: moss and calcareous soil encrusted base of tree stump. Ref: C.Smith et all, The Lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p672. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p520. V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol.2, p689.
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Compilation of multiple photos taken at different points in time; taken both in field and in lab.
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Growing on a rocky bank at a Plymouth railway station (St. Budeaux Victoria road).
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Compilation of multiple photos taken at different points in time; taken both in field and in lab.
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Slo.: ? - syn.: Parmelia stellaris f. aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Hazsl., Xanthoria aipolia (Ehrh. ex Humb.) Horw. - Habitat: abandoned pastures with scattered trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, south-east aspect; relatively warm and dry place; calcareous ground, sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of smaller branches of a stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia.Comment: When dry Physcia aipolia doesn't seem very attractive lichen. It is monotonously whitish-gray or gray and blends well with grayish bark of tree branches and twigs. However, when wet its bluish or greenish colors pop out distinctly. Its dark and almost always abundant apothecia pup out from much lighter thallus and its distinctive maculae (white spots on greenish thallus) become very apparent. Physcia aipolia is quite a common lichen and has been recorded in Slovenian Alps many times (Ref.: 6, 7, 8). It can be distinguished from several other similar Physcia species by distinctive maculae, yellow K reaction of thallus and medulla and pale lower side of the thallus having pale rhizines. It is mostly growing on small and medium size branches of smooth barked trees.Ref.:(1) C.W. Smith, et al, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 700.(2) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 549.(3) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1. 2., Ulmer (1995), p xx.(4) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 338.(5) https://www.123pilze.de/DreamHC/Download/Ziegen-Schwielenflechte.htm (accessed 1.2.2018)(6) Boletus Informaticus Database, Forestry Institute of Slovenia http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed 1.2.2018)(7) Prgger et all. 'Alphabetical list of lichenized fungi for the six phytogeographical regions of Slovenia', http://members.chello.at/johannes.pruegger/uni/slovenia/ (accessed 1.2.2018)(8) F. Bati, K. Primoi, B. Surina, T. Trot & H. Mayzhofer, Contributions to the lichen flora of Slovenia X. - Contributions to the lichen flora from the Slovenian Julian Alps, Herzogia 16, (2003): 143154
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Adaxial (top side)
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Habitat: light mixed wood, predominantly Picea abies, partly shade, partly protected against direct rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 960 m (3.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil with rotten wood debris and Picea abies needles. Ref: V. Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer (2000), p57. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p254.
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Syn.: Parmelia flaventior Stirt., Parmelia kernstockii Lynge & Zahlbr. - Habitat: former mountain pastures with scattered trees and bushes; slightly inclined terrain, south aspect; colluvial, calcareous ground; full sun, dry place; elevation 600 m (1.950 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: bark of medium to small size branches of (almost) stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. - Comment: Flavopunctelia flaventior is a beautiful lichen, which seems to be quite rare in Slovenia. According to Ogris (2018) Ref.: 6 there are only three UTM squares known in the country where it has been found and registered. None of these finds lay in Alpine phytogeographical region of the country. However, GBIF- Austria, Ref.: 8 states a find in Bavica valley, which is in Alpine region and not far from this observation. The lichen is also rare in the region directly west of Posoje in NE Italy Ref.: 5 and also in Germany (Ref.: 7 and Ref.:1). It is interesting that this species appears more and more frequent during last few decades according to Ref.:1. - Flavopunctelia flaventior can be recognized by slightly wrinkled upper surface od lobes with white, faintly reticulated pseudocyphellae and numerous, laminal and marginal soralia. Lower surface is dark in the thallus center with dark, short, simple rhizines and much lighter in color and without rhizines at the thallus margins. Only two specimens have been found on this tree. - Ref.:(1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 647.(2) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 317.(3) https://www.thm.de/lse/fachbereich/team/professoren/singlearticle/13-94-Kirschbaum/212-x.html (accessed March 27. 2018)(4) http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/lichensC/flavopunctelia_flaventior.html (accessed March 29. 2018)(5) http://dryades.units.it/italic/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=989 (accessed March 29. 2018)(6) N. Ogris (ed), Boletus informaticus, Slovenian Forestry Institute http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed March 29. 2018)(7) http://www.flechten-deutschland.de/organismen/flavopunctelia-flaventior-stirt-hale#prettyPhoto (accessed March 29. 2018)(8) http://www.gbif.at/ms/gbif/gbif/gbif_datenportal/gibf_suchearten/ (accessed March 29. 2018)(9) U. Suppan, J. Prugger, H. Mayrhofer, Lichen biodiversity in Slovenia, Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia, http://members.chello.at/johannes.pruegger/uni/slovenia/ (accessed March 29. 2018)
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Slo.: ? Habitat: A rock in midst of grassland, fully exposed to sun and precipitations, S exposition, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 635 m (2.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: vertical surface of a bare calcareous rock
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Slo.: ? - syn.: Collema auriculatum Hoffm., Collema auriforme (With.) Coppins & J.R. Laundon, Parmelia auriculata (Hoffm.) Ach., Eucollema auriculatum (Hoffm.) Horw. - Habitat: steep mountain slope, southeast aspect, calcareous ground, open place, full sun, moist place (occasionally rain water seeping over the rock), exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-7 deg C, elevations 675 m (2.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: inclined, hard, bare, calcareous bedrock, locally covered by some mosses.Comment: Conspicuous, crowded, bead-like, globose isidia; swollen (particularly at their margins), small, ear-like, upright turned lobes; complete absence of apothecia (several large, mature specimens studied) and substratum speak in favor to Lathagrium auriforme (Index Fungorum, 2014) (= Collema auriforme MycoBank). Pictures were taken after a prolonged period of rainy weather and the lichens were soaked with water. This probably explains relatively bright green color of the lobes at the margin of the thallus. Normally their color is described as 'dark-olive, black-brown, blackish' (Ref.1) or 'dark olive-green, brownish-black, blue-gray' (Ref.2) or 'dark green-brown' (Ref.5) or even black. Circular, dying away in center when old, habitus of the photographed lichen seems to be closer to Collema cristatum with thallus similar to Lathagrium auriforme. However, this species usually has abundant apothecia and isidia are much less frequent or sometimes even missing. Regarding substratum Wirt in both references (Ref.1 and 3) claims for Collema auriforme '...on mosses over calcareous rock...' and only rarely over bare rock, while other sources prefer bare calcareous rock on the first place.No chemical tests and microscopy were done. Hence the determination is not completely sure. Measuring spore dimensions could theoretically distinguish between both these species. However, there were no apothecia found in this find.Ref.:(1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 352.(2) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 348.(3) V. Wirth, R. Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer, (2000), p 106.(4) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S. Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 284.(5) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 150.(6) http://www.mycobank.org/name/Collema%20auriforme&Lang=Eng (7) http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=805682(8) http://www.gbif.org/species/5260617 (English vernacular name)
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