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Slo.: vraji goban - Habitat: Open mixed wood with lot of ground vegetation, predominantly Picea abies, in shade, calcareous ground, protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 820 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil - Ref.: G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p261. - J.Grom, Nae gobe (in Slovene), epna Knjiga, (1981), p33.
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Xerocomellus zelleri, commonly known as Zeller's Bolete, is an edible species of mushroom in the family Boletaceae
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Slo.: tridentinska lupljivka - syn: Boletus tridentinus Bres. - Habitat: Steep mountain slope, southwest aspect, mixed forest, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies dominant, with scattered Larix decidua trees; in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; calcareous, skeletal ground; under thicket of young Picea abies and about 3-4 m from a large Larix decidua tree, however not directly under its canopy; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 4-6 deg C, elevation 860 m (2.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Comments: This small but beautiful, orange-yellow bolete is widespread but in most regions a rare find. In Slovenia it was once protected and put on Red List. However, it is not listed in our last official document related to fungi protection from 2011. The reason is not known to me. This find is to my knowledge the second known one in the Upper Soa river region. Growing solitary. Relatively young fruitbody. Pileus diameter 4 cm, sticky surface; stipe 4.8 cm long, max diameter 15 mm, firm, not hollow; flesh firm, not bruising, after a day in the refrigerator slightly bluing; smell almost none; taste mild, mushroomy, pleasant; SP abundant, golden-yellow, oac852.Spores smooth. Dimensions: (9,4 [10,5 ; 10,9] 11,9 x 4,1 [4,4 ; 4,6] 4,9 microns; Q = 2,1 [2,3; 2,4] 2,7; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 10,7 x 4,5 microns; Qe = 2,4. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Protected according to: Uredba o varstvu samoniklih gliv Uradni list RS, t. 57/1998, z dne 14. 8. 1998 (Regulation of protected wild growing fungi, Official Gazette of Republic Slovenia, no. 57/1998). Priloga 1. Red list, marked by R, denoting a rare species. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) G. Kibby, British Boletes, Copyright Geoffrey Kibby (2011), p 37. (2) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 294. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 414. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 308. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 82.
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Slo.: siva lupljivka - syn: Boletus laricinus Berkeley, Boletus aeruginascens Secretan ex Opatowski - Habitat: Near mixed wood edge, alpine pasture, in low grass; moderately steep mountain slope, southwest aspect; calcareous, fairy skeletal ground; sunny and relatively warm place; limestone bedrock; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 905 m (3.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Comments: Suillus viscidus is not a rare find in Slovenia. It is strictly bound to Larix decidua trees and best recognized by large angular pores and the fact that it is, frankly speaking, an ugly mushroom of indefinite color somewhere among dirty white, gray, beige or pale brown. The whole mushroom is like this. When I first found it I didn't take pictures of it because I thought it was already decayed and therefore determination impossible. But already young pilei look like this. There were more than 10 pilei present at the location, mostly solitary, on an area of about 6 by 6 m. All of them grew under the canopies of Larix decidua or close to them. Pilei diameter 3 - 8 cm, surface viscid, cuticle peels very easily; stem 4 - 9 cm tall, 10 - 17 mm in diameter; taste mild, mushroomy; smell indistinctive; SP faint, brownish, oac could not be determined.Spores smooth. Dimensions: 9,5 [10,7 ; 11,2] 12,4 x 4,3 [4,7 ; 4,8] 5,1 microns; Q = 2 [2,3 ; 2,4] 2,6; N = 36; C = 95%; Me = 11 x 4,7 microns; Qe = 2,3. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 84. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 306. (3) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 294. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 414.
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Syn.Boletus radicans - Slo.: grenki goban - Habitat: Grassland with some bushes and Fagus sylvatica, mostly open place, pretty sunny, precipitations 1.800-2.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 600 m (1.970 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.
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Slo.: poletna gomoljka - syn.: Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng., Tuber uncinatum Chatin, Tuber aestivum Vittad. (nom.illegit.), Hymenangium aestivum (Wulfen) Rabenh., Lycoperdon aestivum Wulfen - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; in shade; relatively warm and dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.840 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: on soil, covered by forest ground humus, mainly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica.Comments: Naming members of genus Tuber is a problem for me. Different sources have different approaches. I am following Index Fungorum (current name Rhizopogon aestivus (former Tuber aestivum)). This disagrees with MycoBank and Ref.: 2, 6 and 7. Also, according to Ref.:2, molecular analysis showed no differences between Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum. Therefore they are synonymized or T. uncinatum considered as a variety as a variety of T. aestivum. Another taxon - Tuber mesentericum - is very similar to Tuber aestivum. When old they are hard to separate (Ref.2). They have been synonymized or considered a Tuber aestivum variety by some authors; however molecular analysis showed that they are two different species (Ref.2). Macro and micro traits of this find correspond well to Rhizopogon aestivus = Tuber aestivum. However, a possibility that the find is Tuber mesentericum cannot be completely excluded according to Ref.2. Although a hypogeous fungus, I found it only half-buried in forest ground humus and Fagus sylvatica leaves. I noticed it without any digging. This sometimes happens when animals dig them for food and then leave them there uneaten. Tuber aestivum is mycorrhizal with roots of several trees, almost certainly with Fagus sylvatica in this find. But when fruitbody becomes larger than about 1 cm in diameter they can thrive further also on ground as a saprophytic fungus (Ref.:1).Orange blobs on the surface of the Tuber are a parasitic anamorph fungus. The fusiform conidia obviously belong to genus Fusarium (Ref.:3).Growing solitary; fruitbody quite old (over-mature), 38 mm across; surface covered with black, large, 4-6 sized pyramidal warts; no cavity at the bottom seen; the pattern of white veins seen in cross-section does not correspond well to usual pattern for this species (too few and too coarse), but this can be explained by over-maturity of the fruitbody (numerous fine veins disappear with age according to Ref.: 1); smell indistinctive, not strong, which often happens with over-ripen fruitbodies (Ref.:2); taste not tested; spore mass dark brown, almost black.Spores very coarsely reticulated; about 3 meshes across front view, ridges up to 6 microns high. Ascospores' dimensions: 20 [25.2 ; 26.9] 32.1 x 14.7 [19.9 ; 21.7] 26.9 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.4; N = 51; C = 95%; Me = 26 x 20.8 microns; Qe = 1.3; gleba consisting almost entirely from spores. Asci (remnants of them) seen only at few places (see picture 3M). Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Personal communication with Mr. Andrej Piltaver, Institute for Systematic of Higher Fungi, Ljubljana, SI. (2) Personal communication with Antonio Rodrguez, http://www.trufamania.com.(3) Personal communication with Dr. Walter Gams, http://www.ascofrance.com.(4) http://www.trufamania.com/Tuber%20aestivum%20English.htm (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 609. (6) G. Medardi, Atlante fotografico degli Ascomiceti d'Italia, A.M.B. Centro Studi Micologici (2012) (in Italian with English keys), p 393. (7) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 126.
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Slo.: navadna podvihanka - syn.: Agaricus involutus Batsch, Omphalia involuta (Batsch) Gray - Habitat: moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; mixed wood edge, under Ostrya carpinifolia and Picea abies; calcareous ground; dry place, mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 640 m (2.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: in moss over forest soil, also on a thin moss layer over rock.Comments: Paxillus involutus is widely distributed in Europe and America (also introduced in Australia and New Zeeland) and common fungus. Nevertheless, it is interesting from several aspects.It clearly has gills; however, they look strange (they divide and join irregularly). Sometimes they are near the stipe even similar to pores (not in this find). The fungus is definitely related to boletes (Polyporaceae). Its pore layer is easy to separate from the hut flesh like in boletes. Also, it can be infected by parasitic fungus Hypomyces chrysospermus, which normally attacks only boletes. Also DNA analyses (to some extent) confirmed this relation. The fungus is very variable and authors divide it into several species (or subspecies). However, the complete picture is yet unclear, or at least not generally accepted by the mycologists community. The second interesting thing relates to its edibility. It was considered a good comestible fungus until the midst of last century and widely eaten particularly in eastern European countries. It had been known only as causing light gastric upsets when eaten raw but safe if cooked. But in 1944 German mycologist Julius Schffer died after eating it in two weeks. This tragic and unexpected case started much of scientific interest for this fungus. Soon a Swiss physician found that the mushroom actually doesn't contain an unknown poisonous substance, but a certain antigen. This antigen can trigger (under a certain conditions) a violent autoimmune reaction in human body, which attacks its own red blood cells. Potentially fatal complications including acute renal failure, shock, and respiratory failure may result. There is no known antidote for poisoning. One can eat this fungus for years without any ill effects, but this autoimmune reaction can attack any time and without warning. 'Funny' enough, the last book about mushrooms, which had still recommended eating this species, was published in 1993. Description: Growing in groups of several fruitbodies and solitary; more than 20 pilei altogether; cap diameter 4.5 - 8 cm, pilei trama up to 10 mm thick, gills layer up to 3.5 mm thick; gills crowded, up to 130 gills per 3600 were counted; gills layer can be easily separated from trama; bruising brown-red when handled; cutis strong, easily pealing; stipes up to 6.5 cm long with diameter up to 16 mm; longitudinally fibrous, not hollow, tapering toward the base; picked mushrooms turn entirely to brown-reddish with time; smell mushroomy, on soil, quite strong; taste mild mushroomy; SP ochre-brown, oac817.Spores smooth with one guttule. Dimensions: (7.5) 7.8 - 8.9 (9.2) x (5.5) 5.6 - 6.4 (6.6) microns; Q = (1.2) 1.3 - 1.47 (1.5); N = 35, Me = 8.4 x 6 microns; Qe = 1.4. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil in water; fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.: (1) Personal communication (Ided by) Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si (2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxillus_involutus (accessed Sept. 22. 2017) (3) http://www.mushroomexpert.com/paxillus_involutus.html (accessed Sept. 22. 2017) (4) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 92. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 343.
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Slo.: mekinasta trdokonica - syn.: Scleroderma lycoperdoides Schw. - Habitat: moderately inclined mountain slope, east aspect; mixed wood (edge of it), Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; calcareous ground; on damp ground covered by thick layer of rotten wood and leave debris; mostly in shade, exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 615 m (2.020 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: thick layer of rotten wood debris and leaves on soil.Comments: Several species of Scleroderma are similar to this find and difficult to be reliable determined to species level without microscopy. Such is also Scleroderma aerolatum. Observation of its spores makes determination rather easy. It is the only species in this genus, which has spores with very coarse and dense spines without reticulation on their surface. Whether this species is mycorrhizal or may be also saprophytic is yet unclear. Most authors consider it mycorrhizal with oak, some also with other trees and some claim also its saprophytic life since it can be found also in grassland. If this find is mycorrhizal, then it is with Fagus sylvatica or Picea abies, but not with Quercus. There are no Quercus trees in this region. Its mycelia threads looked rather saprophytic in this find. Description: Growing gregariously, more than 10 fruitbodies found; size of sporocarps from 2.3 cm to 3.8 cm and up to 2.5 cm high; stipe rudimentary or absent, peridium thin, flexible and strong; when cut it becomes reddish; smell unpleasant, on chemistry, metal or welding?; taste not determined; 5% KOH reaction on peridium distinctly dark red; spores on mass gray-brown, eventually with some green tint, oac736, but darker.Spores coarsely spiny, surrounded by a translucent mass. Spines up to 2 microns high. Dimensions: (8,4) 9,4 - 12,2 (13,1) x (8,1) 9,3 - 11,8 (12,9) microns; Q = 1 - 1,09 (1,1); N = 24; Me = 10,9 x 10,5 microns; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 174. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 428. (3) http://www.mushroomexpert.com/scleroderma_areolatum.html (July 26. 2017) Kuo (4) http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/scleroderma-areolatum.php (July 26. 2017) (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 333. (6) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. (7) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 384.
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Slo.: rjavi bledotrosnik - Habitat: modestly southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed forest, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant; overgrown slope scree, rocks and boulders, skeletal sandy calcareous ground, relatively warm place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 570 m (1.870 feet), alpine hytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil under Fagus sylvatica. - Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, below 'Na melu' place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. - Comments: Gyroporus castaneus is an all over the world spread species, however, it is quite rare almost everywhere. It is usually found under Quercus sp. but occasionally appears also under other broadleaf trees including Fagus sylvatica. - Two pilei growing together; pileus dimension of the larger one 7.5x6 cm and diameter of the smaller one 4.5 cm; flesh firm and brittle, pores 2-3/mm; stipe of the larger fruit body 5 cm tall, hollow, split into two, brittle; taste mild, mushroomy, smell none; no discoloring when injured or bruised; trama white, very slowly discoloring to pale ochre-brown on the edges; SP faint, pale ocher, oac715 (questionable estimate). - Hypha septa with clamps. Spores smooth. Dimensions: 8 [9.5 ; 10.1] 11.5 x 5 [5.8 ; 6] 6.8 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.6 ; 1.7] 1.9; N = 39; C = 95%; Me = 9.8 x 5.9 microns; Qe = 1.7. Basidia clavate. Dimensions: 24.3 [29.5 ; 32.6] 37.9 x 9.2 [11.5 ; 12.8] 15.1 microns:; Q = 2 [2.4 ; 2.7] 3.2; N = 19; C = 95%; Me = 31.1 x 12.1 microns; Qe = 2.6. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha, basidia), in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) Id'ed by Mr.Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com (2) G. Kibby, British Boletes, Copyright Geoffrey Kibby (2011), p 22. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (2000), p 68. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 256. (5) R. M. Dhncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 22. (6) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 418.
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Slo.: noroglavka, svinjski goban - Habitat: southeast inclined mountain slope, mixed wood, dominant trees Ostrya carpinifolia, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica; in a thicket of young Picea abies, in shade, relatively warm place; calcareous ground, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 750 m (2.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil covered by leaf in needles litter. - Comments: Although Boletus luridus is probably the most frequent of all boletes in Posoje and I've seen and photographed them many times, I could not resist taking pictures of this beautiful group of a few young fruitbodies well hidden under young European spruce thickets. Boletus luridus is very colorful, meaning more many colored than of one or two saturated uniform colors. One can find all kinds of shade of red, blue and green (when bruised), yellow, ocher, brown, black and who knows which else color. Having very characteristic red net on its stipe, it is usually easy to determine it correctly. Rapidly and drastically changing color on all its parts when handled also helps. Some people claim it is eatable but I haven't (yet?) try it. All I know is that snails like it very much. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler. (2) http://www.mykonet.ch/images/Roehrlinge/Boletus_luridus401.JPG - (3) G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p257. - (4) J. Grom, Nae gobe (in Slovene), epna Knjiga, (1981), p29.
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Slo.: mecesnova lupljivka, mecesnov gobanek - Habitat: Grazed meadow, surrounded by mixed forest, northeast mountain slope, calcareous ground, under a Larix decidua, moderately sunny place, exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 440 m (1.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil. - Comments: Growing solitary, pileus diameter up to 12 cm (4.7 inches); viscous caps; SP brown. Spores smooth, dimensions: 8.7 (SD = 0.7) x 3.4 (SD = 0.3) micr., Q.= 2.58 (SD = 0.11), n = 30. Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: (1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 367. (2) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 46. (3) A.Poler, Veselo po gobe (in Slovene), Mohorjeva druba Celovec (2002), p 194. (4) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 497.