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Slo.: grenki goban - syn. Boletus albidus - Habitat: mixed mountain wood, dominant trees Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies; moderately steep mountain slope, south aspect; calcareous ground; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.260 m (4.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: forest soil. Comments: Texture and color of the upper surface of the hut, rooting stipe, turning blue on bruising and, in particular, very strong bitter taste are typical traits of Boletus radicans. What surprises in this find is reddish coloration of damaged places (by snails) and quite distinctive reddish tones of the stipe. This is unusual with Boletus radicans and causes some doubts in our determination. However, no better alternatives have been found. Growing solitary; pileus diameter 8.5 cm; taste strongly bitter, smell faint, unpleasant; quickly bruising blue-green when handled; SP faint, color indistinguishable. Spores smooth. Dimensions: 12.4 [13.7 ; 14.2] 15.5 x 5 [5.5 ; 5.8] 6.3 microns Q = 2.2 [2.4 ; 2.5] 2.8; N = 34; C = 95%; Me = 14 x 5.6 microns; Qe = 2,5. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot and (conf.) Mr. Anton Poler. (2) G. Kibby, British Boletes, Copyright Geoffrey Kibby (2011), p 20. (3) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 72. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 36. (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 406.
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Slo.: kravnjaa, prona lupljivka - Habitat: Grassland, former pasture overgrown with scattered Picea abies and some Larix decidua, flat sandy calcareous ground, well settled alluvial deposits, fairly sunny, exposed to direct rain, average temperature 6-8 deg C, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, elevation 960 m (3.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy soil. - Comment 1: Uncertain determination. Surprising, but definitely no Pinus sp. around, but a few young Picea abies at 3-5 m (10 - 16 feet) away and a few large Larix decidua at about 10+ m (30+ feet) away. According to literature it should be mycorrhiza with Pinus sp. Unusually strongly decurent pores, cuticle sticky, 5 - 6 specimens in a loose group. Spore print faint, ocker(?). Spore dimensions: 10.0 (SD=0.7) x 4.3 (SD=0.2) micr, n=20. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Comment 2: Additional information has been gathered through Mr. Gregor Podgornik, NAC (Natural History Center) Tolmin, Slovenia and his colleagues Christopher Hahn, UNI Muenchen, dr. Armin Mesi, Institute Rudjer Bokovi, Zagreb and dr. Alfredo Vizzini, UNI Torino. The referees agree that this is not a normal S. bovinus, but probably one with deformed hymenophore apparently by a virus, looking like a mix between S. tridentinus and S. bovinus. - Ref.: (1) G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p 269. (2) J.Grom, Nae gobe (in Slovene), epna Knjiga, (1981), p 25. (3) M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 48. (4) R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 34. (5) R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Mayer (2008), p 368.
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Habitat: Mixed forest, deciduous trees dominant, flat terrain, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh) bedrock, in shade, relatively moist place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevations 420 m (1.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil. - Comments: Growing in a group of several sporocarps. Sporocarps diameter up to 8.5 cm, up to 6,5 cm tall; sporocarps wall thickness up to 2.8 mm; sporocarp ocher-gold (oac804), squamules deep brown (oac735), gleba gray-brown with greenish tint (oac868). - Spores with coarse ornamentation. Dimensions: 10.7 (SD = 0.7) x 10.5 (SD = 0.6) ?, Q = 1.02 (SD = 0.07), n = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium of Slovenian Forestry nstitute, Večna pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) http://www.mushroomexpert.com/scleroderma_citrinum.html (2) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 332. (3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. (4) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 428. (5) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 176.
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Slo.: gabrov bed - ; Synonymy: Boletus griseus (Qul.) Sacc. & D. Sacc., Gyroporus griseus Qul., Leccinum griseum (Qul.) Singer., Leccinum carpini (R. Schulz) M.M. Moser ex D.A. Reid ?, Leccinellum pseudoscabrum (Kallenb.) Mikk ? - Habitat: predominantly hard wood, broadleaf tree forest; moderately inclined mountain slope, southwest inclination; cretaceous clastic rock (flysh) bedrock, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 460 m (1.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: Members of genus Leccinum/Leccinellum are relatively easy to recognize by distinct stem squamules. However, their taxonomy is a problem and species determination is often difficult. No definite and generally accepted answers are known. In 1995 the genus Leccinum comprised about 36 species distinguished by their macro-characters. Ten years later, in 2005, only 14 were still recognized based on DNA analysis (Kibby 2011). It has been proven that some traditional traits, which seemed once very important (for example flesh color changes when cut) have little significance. A new genus Leccinellum was established based on characteristics of hypha in hut cuticle. Yet not all mycologists agree with this approach. Such situation reflects in the fact that in Index Fungorum (IF) current name of this observation is probably Leccinellum griseum, while MycoBank still keeps with the current name Leccinum griseum. There are several ambiguities about species names and I am not sure I handled them correctly. Be that as it may this species doesn't look too appealing for photography, particularly not when old (as on these photos). But it is quite common in Slovenia and edible, and of very good taste (when younger). In this observation it was growing solitary. Spores smooth. Dimensions: (15,1) 15,3 - 16,7 (17,4) (5,2) 5,3 - 5,9 (6,3) m; Q = (2,4) 2,7 - 3,1 (3,2); N = 10; Me = 15,9 5,6 m; Qe = 2,8. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si. (2) G. Kibby, British Boletes, Copyright Geoffrey Kibby (2011), p 56. (3) http://www.mycodb.fr/fiche.php?genre=Leccinellum&espece=griseum m (accessed March 6. 2018) (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2, Ulmer (2000), p 275. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 70.
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Slo.: rni kutravec - Habitat: Predominantly Fagus sylvatica forest with some Picea abies and other hardwood trees, steep north-west oriented mountain slop, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh) bedrock, humid and shady place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 470 m (1.500 feet), border between submediterranean and alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, under Fagus sylvatica. - Comments: Growing solitary. Spores ornamented. Dimensions: 9,4 [10,9 ; 11,5] 13 x 7,4 [8,4 ; 8,8] 9,8 microns, Q = 1,1 [1,3] 1,5 ; N = 37 ; C = 95%, Me = 11,2 x 8,6 microns ; Qe = 1,3. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Ref.: (1) http://boletales.com/genera/strobilomyces/s-strobilaceus/ .(2) http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6786.asp (3) http://www.gobe.si/Gobe/StrobilomycesStrobilaceus (4) http://www.asturnatura.com/especie/strobilomyces-strobilaceus.html
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Slo.: bakreni polar - syn.: Gomphidius viscidus (L.) Fr. - Habitat: sandy grassland; mixed broadleaved and conifer wood edge; Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Salix eleagnos in the vicinity; semiruderal, calcareous ground; flat terrain; dry, half sunny place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 580 m (1.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: Croomogomphus rutilus is a quite common fungus in this region. Two other species Chroomogomhus helveticus and C. glutinosus grow in the same region. It is not always simple to tell them apart. C. glutinosus is normally very slimy and grows always under Picea abies while Croomogomphus rutilus grows only under two-needle pines. C. helveticus is rarely slimy but grows under Picea abies, two- and fife-needle Pinus species. Inamyloid hypha of the pileipellis is another more demanding distinguishing character. Spore dimensions are very similar of all three and hence of little help in discrimination. Different mycorrhizal partners also did not help in identification of this find since Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris (a two-needle species) were in the vicinity. Yet, characteristic copper tone of the pilei seems to be quite a reliable feature for Croomogomphus rutilus. Growing in small groups of a few fruit bodies and solitary; SP abundant, grayish-brown. Spores smooth. Dimensions 17,3 [18,5 ; 19,1] 20,3 x 5,8 [6,4 ; 6,6] 7,1 microns; Q = 2,6 [2,8 ; 3] 3,2; N = 24; C = 95%; Me = 18,8 x 6,5 microns; Qe = 2,9. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 96. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 341. (3) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 50. (4) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 271. (5) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 422.
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Slo.: veliki slinar - Habitat: Consolidated alluvial deposits of a mountain stream, calcareous sandy ground, among grasses, half under a small (1.5 m 5 feet tall) Picea abies, pretty sunny and dry place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperatures 5-7 deg C, elevation 900 m (3.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: sandy soil. - Comment: spore print abundant, dark blackish chesnut-brown. - Ref.: - G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p242. - J.Grom, Nae gobe (in Slovene), epna Knjiga, (1981), p96. - Spore picture: magnification 1.000x, Motic B1-211 and Nikon D70, Nikkor 50 mm/f1.8
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Slo.: opletena koreninka - Syn.: R. luteolus - Habitat: Scree and sand, flat ground, deposits of a nearby torrent, nutrient poor calcareous ground, barely covered by some vegetation with dominant Globularia cordifolia, Carex sp., Cladonia sp. and some mosses, among scattered young Pinus sp., dry place, full sun, fully exposed to rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 600m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: sandy soil. - Comments: Spore dimensions: 7.8 (SD=0.7) x 3.3 (SD=0.2) micr, Q=2.3 (SD=0.22), n=35. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1097. http://www.mycokey.com/MycoKeySolidState/species/Rhizopogon_obtextus.html .
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Slo.: vraji goban - Habitat: Open mixed wood with lot of ground vegetation, predominantly Picea abies, in shade, calcareous ground, protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 820 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil - Ref.: G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p261. - J.Grom, Nae gobe (in Slovene), epna Knjiga, (1981), p33.
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Slo.: tridentinska lupljivka - syn: Boletus tridentinus Bres. - Habitat: Steep mountain slope, southwest aspect, mixed forest, Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies dominant, with scattered Larix decidua trees; in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; calcareous, skeletal ground; under thicket of young Picea abies and about 3-4 m from a large Larix decidua tree, however not directly under its canopy; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 4-6 deg C, elevation 860 m (2.820 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: This small but beautiful, orange-yellow bolete is widespread but in most regions a rare find. In Slovenia it was once protected and put on Red List. However, it is not listed in our last official document related to fungi protection from 2011. The reason is not known to me. This find is to my knowledge the second known one in the Upper Soa river region. Growing solitary. Relatively young fruitbody. Pileus diameter 4 cm, sticky surface; stipe 4.8 cm long, max diameter 15 mm, firm, not hollow; flesh firm, not bruising, after a day in the refrigerator slightly bluing; smell almost none; taste mild, mushroomy, pleasant; SP abundant, golden-yellow, oac852. Spores smooth. Dimensions: (9,4 [10,5 ; 10,9] 11,9 x 4,1 [4,4 ; 4,6] 4,9 microns; Q = 2,1 [2,3; 2,4] 2,7; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 10,7 x 4,5 microns; Qe = 2,4. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Protected according to: Uredba o varstvu samoniklih gliv Uradni list RS, t. 57/1998, z dne 14. 8. 1998 (Regulation of protected wild growing fungi, Official Gazette of Republic Slovenia, no. 57/1998). Priloga 1. Red list, marked by R, denoting a rare species. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) G. Kibby, British Boletes, Copyright Geoffrey Kibby (2011), p 37. (2) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 294. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 414. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 308. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 82.
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Slo.: siva lupljivka - syn: Boletus laricinus Berkeley, Boletus aeruginascens Secretan ex Opatowski - Habitat: Near mixed wood edge, alpine pasture, in low grass; moderately steep mountain slope, southwest aspect; calcareous, fairy skeletal ground; sunny and relatively warm place; limestone bedrock; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 905 m (3.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: Suillus viscidus is not a rare find in Slovenia. It is strictly bound to Larix decidua trees and best recognized by large angular pores and the fact that it is, frankly speaking, an ugly mushroom of indefinite color somewhere among dirty white, gray, beige or pale brown. The whole mushroom is like this. When I first found it I didn't take pictures of it because I thought it was already decayed and therefore determination impossible. But already young pilei look like this. There were more than 10 pilei present at the location, mostly solitary, on an area of about 6 by 6 m. All of them grew under the canopies of Larix decidua or close to them. Pilei diameter 3 - 8 cm, surface viscid, cuticle peels very easily; stem 4 - 9 cm tall, 10 - 17 mm in diameter; taste mild, mushroomy; smell indistinctive; SP faint, brownish, oac could not be determined. Spores smooth. Dimensions: 9,5 [10,7 ; 11,2] 12,4 x 4,3 [4,7 ; 4,8] 5,1 microns; Q = 2 [2,3 ; 2,4] 2,6; N = 36; C = 95%; Me = 11 x 4,7 microns; Qe = 2,3. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 84. (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 306. (3) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 294. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 414.
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Syn.Boletus radicans - Slo.: grenki goban - Habitat: Grassland with some bushes and Fagus sylvatica, mostly open place, pretty sunny, precipitations 1.800-2.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 600 m (1.970 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.
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Slo.: poletna gomoljka - syn.: Tuber aestivum (Wulfen) Spreng., Tuber uncinatum Chatin, Tuber aestivum Vittad. (nom.illegit.), Hymenangium aestivum (Wulfen) Rabenh., Lycoperdon aestivum Wulfen - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; in shade; relatively warm and dry place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 560 m (1.840 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: on soil, covered by forest ground humus, mainly rotten leaves of Fagus sylvatica. Comments: Naming members of genus Tuber is a problem for me. Different sources have different approaches. I am following Index Fungorum (current name Rhizopogon aestivus (former Tuber aestivum)). This disagrees with MycoBank and Ref.: 2, 6 and 7. Also, according to Ref.:2, molecular analysis showed no differences between Tuber aestivum and Tuber uncinatum. Therefore they are synonymized or T. uncinatum considered as a variety as a variety of T. aestivum. Another taxon - Tuber mesentericum - is very similar to Tuber aestivum. When old they are hard to separate (Ref.2). They have been synonymized or considered a Tuber aestivum variety by some authors; however molecular analysis showed that they are two different species (Ref.2). Macro and micro traits of this find correspond well to Rhizopogon aestivus = Tuber aestivum. However, a possibility that the find is Tuber mesentericum cannot be completely excluded according to Ref.2. Although a hypogeous fungus, I found it only half-buried in forest ground humus and Fagus sylvatica leaves. I noticed it without any digging. This sometimes happens when animals dig them for food and then leave them there uneaten. Tuber aestivum is mycorrhizal with roots of several trees, almost certainly with Fagus sylvatica in this find. But when fruitbody becomes larger than about 1 cm in diameter they can thrive further also on ground as a saprophytic fungus (Ref.:1). Orange blobs on the surface of the Tuber are a parasitic anamorph fungus. The fusiform conidia obviously belong to genus Fusarium (Ref.:3). Growing solitary; fruitbody quite old (over-mature), 38 mm across; surface covered with black, large, 4-6 sized pyramidal warts; no cavity at the bottom seen; the pattern of white veins seen in cross-section does not correspond well to usual pattern for this species (too few and too coarse), but this can be explained by over-maturity of the fruitbody (numerous fine veins disappear with age according to Ref.: 1); smell indistinctive, not strong, which often happens with over-ripen fruitbodies (Ref.:2); taste not tested; spore mass dark brown, almost black. Spores very coarsely reticulated; about 3 meshes across front view, ridges up to 6 microns high. Ascospores' dimensions: 20 [25.2 ; 26.9] 32.1 x 14.7 [19.9 ; 21.7] 26.9 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2 ; 1.3] 1.4; N = 51; C = 95%; Me = 26 x 20.8 microns; Qe = 1.3; gleba consisting almost entirely from spores. Asci (remnants of them) seen only at few places (see picture 3M). Olympus CH20, NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x; fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Andrej Piltaver, Institute for Systematic of Higher Fungi, Ljubljana, SI. (2) Personal communication with Antonio Rodrguez, http://www.trufamania.com. (3) Personal communication with Dr. Walter Gams, http://www.ascofrance.com. (4) http://www.trufamania.com/Tuber%20aestivum%20English.htm (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 609. (6) G. Medardi, Atlante fotografico degli Ascomiceti d'Italia, A.M.B. Centro Studi Micologici (2012) (in Italian with English keys), p 393. (7) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.1. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 126.
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Slo.: navadna podvihanka - syn.: Agaricus involutus Batsch, Omphalia involuta (Batsch) Gray - Habitat: moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; mixed wood edge, under Ostrya carpinifolia and Picea abies; calcareous ground; dry place, mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 640 m (2.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: in moss over forest soil, also on a thin moss layer over rock. Comments: Paxillus involutus is widely distributed in Europe and America (also introduced in Australia and New Zeeland) and common fungus. Nevertheless, it is interesting from several aspects. It clearly has gills; however, they look strange (they divide and join irregularly). Sometimes they are near the stipe even similar to pores (not in this find). The fungus is definitely related to boletes (Polyporaceae). Its pore layer is easy to separate from the hut flesh like in boletes. Also, it can be infected by parasitic fungus Hypomyces chrysospermus, which normally attacks only boletes. Also DNA analyses (to some extent) confirmed this relation. The fungus is very variable and authors divide it into several species (or subspecies). However, the complete picture is yet unclear, or at least not generally accepted by the mycologists community. The second interesting thing relates to its edibility. It was considered a good comestible fungus until the midst of last century and widely eaten particularly in eastern European countries. It had been known only as causing light gastric upsets when eaten raw but safe if cooked. But in 1944 German mycologist Julius Schffer died after eating it in two weeks. This tragic and unexpected case started much of scientific interest for this fungus. Soon a Swiss physician found that the mushroom actually doesn't contain an unknown poisonous substance, but a certain antigen. This antigen can trigger (under a certain conditions) a violent autoimmune reaction in human body, which attacks its own red blood cells. Potentially fatal complications including acute renal failure, shock, and respiratory failure may result. There is no known antidote for poisoning. One can eat this fungus for years without any ill effects, but this autoimmune reaction can attack any time and without warning. 'Funny' enough, the last book about mushrooms, which had still recommended eating this species, was published in 1993. Description: Growing in groups of several fruitbodies and solitary; more than 20 pilei altogether; cap diameter 4.5 - 8 cm, pilei trama up to 10 mm thick, gills layer up to 3.5 mm thick; gills crowded, up to 130 gills per 3600 were counted; gills layer can be easily separated from trama; bruising brown-red when handled; cutis strong, easily pealing; stipes up to 6.5 cm long with diameter up to 16 mm; longitudinally fibrous, not hollow, tapering toward the base; picked mushrooms turn entirely to brown-reddish with time; smell mushroomy, on soil, quite strong; taste mild mushroomy; SP ochre-brown, oac817. Spores smooth with one guttule. Dimensions: (7.5) 7.8 - 8.9 (9.2) x (5.5) 5.6 - 6.4 (6.6) microns; Q = (1.2) 1.3 - 1.47 (1.5); N = 35, Me = 8.4 x 6 microns; Qe = 1.4. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil in water; fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) Personal communication (Ided by) Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si (2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxillus_involutus (accessed Sept. 22. 2017) (3) http://www.mushroomexpert.com/paxillus_involutus.html (accessed Sept. 22. 2017) (4) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 92. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 343.
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Slo.: mekinasta trdokonica - syn.: Scleroderma lycoperdoides Schw. - Habitat: moderately inclined mountain slope, east aspect; mixed wood (edge of it), Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; calcareous ground; on damp ground covered by thick layer of rotten wood and leave debris; mostly in shade, exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 615 m (2.020 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: thick layer of rotten wood debris and leaves on soil. Comments: Several species of Scleroderma are similar to this find and difficult to be reliable determined to species level without microscopy. Such is also Scleroderma aerolatum. Observation of its spores makes determination rather easy. It is the only species in this genus, which has spores with very coarse and dense spines without reticulation on their surface. Whether this species is mycorrhizal or may be also saprophytic is yet unclear. Most authors consider it mycorrhizal with oak, some also with other trees and some claim also its saprophytic life since it can be found also in grassland. If this find is mycorrhizal, then it is with Fagus sylvatica or Picea abies, but not with Quercus. There are no Quercus trees in this region. Its mycelia threads looked rather saprophytic in this find. Description: Growing gregariously, more than 10 fruitbodies found; size of sporocarps from 2.3 cm to 3.8 cm and up to 2.5 cm high; stipe rudimentary or absent, peridium thin, flexible and strong; when cut it becomes reddish; smell unpleasant, on chemistry, metal or welding?; taste not determined; 5% KOH reaction on peridium distinctly dark red; spores on mass gray-brown, eventually with some green tint, oac736, but darker. Spores coarsely spiny, surrounded by a translucent mass. Spines up to 2 microns high. Dimensions: (8,4) 9,4 - 12,2 (13,1) x (8,1) 9,3 - 11,8 (12,9) microns; Q = 1 - 1,09 (1,1); N = 24; Me = 10,9 x 10,5 microns; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 174. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 428. (3) http://www.mushroomexpert.com/scleroderma_areolatum.html (July 26. 2017) Kuo (4) http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/scleroderma-areolatum.php (July 26. 2017) (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 333. (6) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302. (7) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 384.
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