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This week’s podcast begins with a riddle about a life form that’s all around us, yet rarely seen. Working under cover, it sends its ghostly tendrils into almost every corner of the terrestrial world. We associate it with death and decay, but life as we know it would be impossible without it. Come for a walk in the woods with Ari Daniel Shapiro and learn how this mysterious form of life, neither animal nor vegetable, shapes our world.
Download a transcript of this podcast read moreDuration: 5:29Published: Wed, 02 May 2012 14:22:48 +0000
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Fomitopsis officinalis
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Ronald F. Billings, Texas Forest Service, Bugwood.org
EOL staff
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Discover the microscopic world of ascomycete fungi as we speak with Sabine Huhndorf, Assistant Curator of Fungi and Lichens in the Botany Department at the Field Museum of Natural History.
Science at FMNH is a podcast and video series that explores the behind-the-scenes science, collections and research at Chicago's Field Museum.
[taxonomy:class= Dothideomycetes]
[taxonomy:class= Sordariomycetes]
[taxonomy:kingdom= Fungi]
[taxonomy:phylum= Ascomycota]
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Northland, Cavalli Islands, 2.5 m depth, Plate 7 in Hayward, B.W., Grenfell, H.R., Reid, C.M., Hayward, K.A. 1999. Recent New Zealand shallow-water benthic Foraminifera: Taxonomy, ecologic distribution, biogeography, and use in paleoenvironmental assessment. Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Monograph 21, 258 p.
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Electron micrograph of a single spore
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North Dakota, United States
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Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italy
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Hygrocybe coccineaRighteous Red Waxy CapSlo.: enjeva vlanicaDat.: Oct. 02. 2010Lat.: 46.03500 Long.: 13.88080Code: Bot_462/2010_IMG2580 Habitat: In grass, unmaintained mountain pasture, flat terrain, calcareous ground, full sun,exposed to direct rain, average precipitations 2.000-2.600 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevations 1.050 m (3,450 feet), Dinaric phytogeographical region.Substratum: soilPlace: Vojsko flats, southeast of Smodin farm house, Idrijsko, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing solitary or in small groups, pileus diameter up to 35 mm (1.5 inch), SP white.Spore shape and dimensions: smooth, almond shaped, 7,3 (SD = 0,5) x 4,8 (SD = 0,4) micr., Q = 1,57 (SD = 0,09), n = 30. Ref.:(1) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 114(2) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 170(3) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 108(4) A. Poler, Veselo po gobe, Mohorjeva druba, Celovec (2002), p 328
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Steccherinum subcrinale (Peck) Ryvarden, Synonymy: Hydnum subcrinale Peck, Irpex subcrinalis (Peck) Saaren. & Kotir., Mycoleptodon kavinae Pilt, Bull. Odontia subcrinalis (Peck) Gilb., Steccherinum kavinae (Pilt) M.P. Christ..(unnamed species of) 'Hedgehog stool', DE: Ockerbrauner Resupinat-Stacheling, Ockerbrauner Resupinatstacheling, Ellipsoidsporiger Schnallenloser ResupinatstachelingSlo.: vrsta bodikaDate: July 27. 2010Lat.: 45.71421 Long.: 14.39441Code: Bot_436/2010_DSC3359Habitat: Old, mixed wood, Picea abies dominant; locally almost flat terrain, calcareous ground; in shade, fairly humid place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations 1.600-1.800 mm/year, average temperature 8-9 deg C, elevation 740 m (2.450 feet), Dinaric phytogeographical region.Substratum: on wood of a tree stump covered by mosses; in the final stage of disintegration; species undetermined but probably Picea abies or Abies alba. Place: North of Cerknica lake; SE of village Laze pri Gornjem jezeru; between hills marni gri, 768 m and Sovinek, 780 m, Notranjska, Slovenia EC. Comments: Steccherinum subcrinale is a loosely attached to its substratum, resupinate, effused teeth fungus. It can be distinguished from other Steccherinum species (in my region Steccherinum ochraceum and Steccherinum fimbriatum) by short, from (0.2)0.3 to 0.5(0.6) mm long cylindrical aculei (spines or teeth). Alternative species have pointed, conical (and mostly larger) 'spines'. The same seems true for similar species of genus Irpex. Steccherinum subcrinale also never forms shelf-like, small pilei but remains strictly resupinate.Steccherinum subcrinale is a rare species everywhere in Europe and denoted 'extremely rare' in Germany (Krieglsteiner 2000), Italy (Bernicchia 2010) and north Europe (Eriksson et al 1984). It is listed neither in Poler ed. 1998 nor in Ogris 2008 for Slovenia. Unfortunately, at the time I photographed this observation I was unaware what it might be and I didn't take samples to do microscopy and make exsiccate. Hence the determination remains uncertain although macroscopic traits from photos seem to fit quite good.Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 1, Ulmer (2000), p 332.(2)
www.123pilze.de/DreamHC/Download/OckerResupinatStacheling... (accessed March 3. 2018) (3) L. Hagar, Ottova Encyklopedia Hb, Ottova Nakladatelstvi, Praha (2015) (in Slovakian), p 289.(4) A. Bernicchia, S.P. Gorjon, Cortitiaceaes .i., Fungi Europaei Vol.12., Edizioni Candusso (2010), p 631. (5) (x) A. Poler (ed.), Seznam gliv Slovenije (Checklist of Fungi of Slovenia), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (1998) (in Slovenian).(6) N. Ogris (ed.), Boletus Informaticus, Slovenian Forestry Institute, 2008
www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed March 3. 2018)(7) Eriksson, J.; Hjortstam, K.; Ryvarden, L., The Corticiaceae of North Europe. 7:1282-1449 1984)
www.mycobank.org/BioloMICS.aspx?TableKey=1468261600000006... (accessed March 4. 2018)
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Mycena rosea, syn.: Mycena pura var. rosea, Schum.Rosy Bonnet, Rosa Rettich-HelmlingSlo.: strupena eladicaDat.: Nov. 14. 2011Lat.: 46.34101 Long.: 13.58301Code: Bot_575/2011_IMG7602 Habitat: Young mixed wood on a long time ago abandoned pasture, predominantly broadleaf trees: Fagus sylvatica, Betula pendula var. pendula, Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, etc., almost flat terrain, shallow moderately acid soil on cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, relatively warm place, partly in shade, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 540 m (1.750 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Forest soil under Fagus sylvatica.Place: Bovec basin, at the foot of Mt. Svinjak, 1.965 m (6.447 feet), above Kal-Koritnica village, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECComment: Growing in groups, many fruitbodies in the vicinity, pileus diameter up to 6.5 cm (2.5 inch), up to 8 cm (3 inch) tall, smell on radish, SP crme (oac851), cap pink (oac633 to oac611), gills pink (oac619), stipe pink (oac634).Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.4 (SD = 0.5) x 4.4 (SD = 0.2) micr., Q = 1.66 (SD = 0.1), n = 30. Ref.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 368. (2) B. Perreau J, D. Boisselier MC, J. Lambourdiere (1996). Mycena sororia sp nov, close to M. rosea Gramberg (Basidiomycotina), Mycotaxon 60: 26373 (after Wikipedia). (3)
home.online.no/~araronse/Mycenakey/rosea.htm . (4) A.Poler, Veselo po gobe (in Slovene), Mohorjeva druba Celovec (2002), p 205. (5) not allowed on Flickr(6) Personal communication, id'ed by Mr. Bojan Rot.
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Skeletocutis amorpha (Fr.) Kotl. & Pouzar, syn.: Polyporus amorphus Fr.?, DE: Orangeporige KnorpelporlingSlo.: brezlina kostenelkaDat.: Sept. 28. 2015Code: Bot_915/2015_DSC9114andDat: Oct. 12 . 2015Code: Bot_919/2015_DSC9383Lat.: 46.36076 Long.: 13.70107Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies, Ostrya carpinifolia and Fagus sylvatica dominant trees, moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; colluvial, calcareous, skeletal ground; relatively dry and warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 625 m (2.050 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: cutoff, partly debarked trunk of Picea abies lying on ground; on bark, on debarked wood and on laterally cut wood.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa, between villages Soa and Trenta, wood side on the west side of the 'Na melu' pasture; near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: Growing on bark, on debarked wood, in between and on laterally cut wood in many fruit bodies, which were in resupinate, effuse-reflexed and pileate form; the resupinate form up to 12 x 6 cm in size, pilei confluent and up to 25 x 6(10) mm large; context duplex with a gelatinous layer above (very thin) tube layer and white cottony upper layer, all layers together 1.5 - 2.5 mm thick; fruitbodies soft, pliant when fresh and hard when dry; smell pleasant, mushroomy, slightly aromatic like perfumed soap, taste indistinctive (tasting on Picea bark); 5% KOH reaction on pore layer distinctly red, on pilei upper surface less pronounced, muddy orange-brown; SP very faint, probably whitish.Comparing pictures in the literature and internet (pore layer color?), the find could also be similar and closely related Skeletocutis carneogrisea. However, the latter has somewhat smaller spores, is almost always resupinated (doesn't form pilei) and red KOH reaction is not reported (Ref.: 1). Since other traits fit well to literature I decided for Skeletocutis amorpha.Spores smooth, allantoid. Dimensions: 3.8 [4.2 ; 4.4] 4.9 x 1.2 [1.4 ; 1.5] 1.7 microns; Q = 2.5 [2.9 ; 3.1] 3.4; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 4.3 x 1.5 microns; Qe = 3. Generative hypha with clamps. Basidia dimensions: 12 [14 ; 15.5] 17.5 x 3.7 [4.3 ; 4.7] 5.3 microns; Q = 2.5 [3.1 ; 3.5] 4; N = 13; C = 95%; Me = 14.8 x 4.5 microns; Qe = 3.3. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores, basidia); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) L. Ryvarden, R.L. Gilbertson, European Polypores, Part 2., Synopsis Fungorum 7., Fungiflora A/S (1994), p 621.(2) A. Bernicchia, S.P. Gorjon, Cortitiaceae s.l., Fungi Europaei Vol.12., Edizioni Candusso (2010), p 502. SP (3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 1., Ulmer (2000), p 577.(4) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 290. (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 506.
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Storridge, England, United Kingdom
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Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
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Ascocoryne cylichnium Purple JellydiscSlo.: vijoliasta elatinkaDate: Nov. 13. 2009Lat.: 46.35813 Long.: 13.69517Code: Bot_400/2009-0620Habitat: Beach wood, steep southeast faced mountain slope, calcareous ground, in shade and protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 700 m (2.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: rotten trunk of a large Fagus sylvatica laying on ground.Place: Upper hunters trail from Na Melu place to Lemovje settlement, Trenta valley, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECRef.:
www.grzyby.pl/gatunki/Ascocoryne_cylichnium.htm
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Cortinarius camphoratusSlo.: kafrna koprenkaDat.: Oct. 06. 2010Lat.: 46.33524 Long.: 13.49631Code: Bot_465/2010_IMG2762 Habitat: South inclined mountain slope, mixed forest, mainly Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica, calcareous bedrock, in shade, under a Picea abies, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevations 1.000 m (3.300 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: soil.Place: Bovec basin, South slopes of Mt. Kanin mountain group, lower Gozdec place, next to the trail to Poljanca place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Growing solitary; pileus diameter ~6 cm (~2.5 inch), smell strong, unpleasant, characteristic. SP brown-yellow.Spore dimensions: 10.0 (SD = 0.6 ) x 5.2 (SD.= 0.2) micr., Q.= 1,96 (SD = 0.12), n = 30. Ref.:(1) Personal communication. Determined by Mr. Bojan Rot,
www. gobenabovskem.si(2) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 216. (3) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 772. (4) A.Bessette, Mushrooms of Northeastern North America (1997), p106.
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Photographed at Lake St Clair, on the Platypus Bay and Larmairremener tabelti - Aboriginal Cultural Walks.This lichen was growing on a rock.
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Arizona, United States
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Atherton, Queensland, Australia
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Girraween National ParkLichenGIR_171028_F10_VRThis one is interesting as it has a pinkish blush in one area of its upper surface. The underside is the same sort of pinkish in places too.
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Xanthoria aureola (Ach.) Erichsen, Syn: Xanthoria ectaneoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr., Xanthoria parietina var. ectanea auct. brit, Parmelia aureola Ach., Physcia aureola (Ach.) Linds., Xanthoria parietina f. aureola (Ach.) P. Syd.EN: no name found, DE: no name found Slo.: no name found Dat.: June 19. 2010Lat.: 44.36963 Long.: 14.77644Code: Bot_431/2010_DSC3098 Habitat: dry stony wall delimiting (mostly) abandoned fields and deserted terraced olive groves; close to sea shore; almost flat terrain; calcareous, skeletal ground; dry place, full sun; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 900 mm/year, average temperature 12-14 deg C, elevations 35 m (110 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: vertical to steeply inclined surface of limestone rocks, west-southwest exposition.Place: Southwest of village Olib; next to the trail to Banjve bay; Island Olib; Kvarner bay, Adriatic Sea, Croatia EC. Comment: This was a beautiful and interesting find. The lichen is very conspicuous because of its deep orange color and considerable size. Several specimens were found in the vicinity. Also its taxonomy is interesting. After Smith (2009) it should be named Xanthoria aureola. However, this name has been long time used (and is still so by many) for another very similar specimen Xanthoria calcicola Oxner. Many (Ref.:2) would rather call them and also do so (Ref.:3) Xanthoria ectaneoides. They claim that the name Xanthoria aureola opposes the Article 57 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. Other consider this species only as a 'kind of' very common Xanthoria parietina. The result is a considerable confusion in naming. Be that as it may Xanthoria calcicola differs from Xanthoria aureola by densely isidiate central part of the thallus (see Ref.: 7) and less strap-shaped and sparsely overlapping thallus terminal lobes (Smith 2009). Smith (2009) considers this species as Western European species and GBIF map confirms this by showing most of observations along west coasts from north Scandinavia to Canary Islands and with a few exceptions in Germany (a single specimen now in herbarium Berlin), on Crete and several finds in Italy (Ref.:6). Almost all finds are close to sea shores.What puzzles me with this observation is the center of the thallus on picture 2b, upper part. The thallus is 'bumpy' there and this bumps may eventually be interpreted as isidia. I am not sure. If so, this would not fit to Xanthoria aureola. Also, Smith lists ' siliceous or, rarely, basic rock ' as a most common substratum, while Dobson 2005 doesn't list siliceous rock as an option, but eventually allows basic rock. This find was surely found on calcareous, basic rock. The lichen was photographed in completely dry state. Unfortunately, no chemical tests and microscopy have been done.Ref.:(1) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 968.(2)
www.lichens.lastdragon.org/Xanthoria_aureola.html (accessed April 3. 2018) (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 462.(4) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 974.(5)
www.gbif.org/species/2609974 (accessed April 3. 2018)(6)
dbiodbs.univ.trieste.it/italic/italic41 (accessed April 3. 2018)(7)
www.lichens.lastdragon.org/Xanthoria_calcicola.html (accessed April 4. 2018)
