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Gamboa, Colon, Panama
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Stemonitis flavogenita E.JahnEN: ?, DE: ?Slo.: ?Membranous expansions in the capillitium (black arrows) and a single spore still attached to the capillitium (red arrow).Dat.: Aug. 11. 2014Lat.: 46.36119 Long.: 13.70107Code: Bot_823/2014_DSC2764Habitat: old partly overgrown pasture, near mixed wood edge, moderately southeast inclined foot of a mountain; open, dry, sunny place; shallow, skeletal, calcareous ground, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 630 m (2.070 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: north side of a stump of Picea abies (on decorticated part) cut down three years ago.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, upper part of 'Na melu' place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECComment: Highly distinctive traits of Stemonitis flavogenita are typically zig-zag bent columella with a kind of plate at the end just before the end of sporangia (Ref.:1). It is not gradually tapering toward the end of sporocarp as with other species of genus Stemonitis. It is also distinguished by the presence of membranous expansions in the capillitium. Also agreement of macroscopic properties fit well to literature, so I hope the determination is correct. This observation may be interesting since this species is listed neither in Boletus Informaticus data base, Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute nor in official Slovenian fungi checklist.Sporocarp color rusty, oac719; spores on mass chocolate brown, oac635. Stalks 2.5 to 3 mm long, total length of sporangia 9 mm, all of them were fairly the same length, very closely tufted, their tips blunt. The whole clump had 14 mm in diameter.Spores finely warted, globose. Dimensions: 8,4 [8,8 ; 9] 9,5 x 8,2 [8,6 ; 8,7] 9,1 microns; Q = 1 [1,0] 1,1; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 8,9 x 8,7 microns; Qe = 1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (all other pictures); in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.:(1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland,The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 199. (2) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 153.(3)
www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Stemonitis+flavogenita (4)
www.myxomycetes.wolf-5.cyberdusk.pl/index.php?wyb=gal&... (6)
www.myxomycetes.net/index.php (7)
myxo.be/pdf/Stemonitis%20flavogenita%20Stemonitopsis%20pe... (8)
www.bookiejar.com/Content/Books/7ccbe2a1-12a9-41fa-a3ff-0... a(9)
www.shitennoji.ac.jp/ibu/images/toshokan/kiyo45-15.pdf
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Briantspuddle, England, United Kingdom
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Summerhaven, Arizona, United States
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stemonitis
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/
Washington, District of Columbia, United States
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This is the vegetative stage of a bacteria-eating slime mold, preparing to form spores. Sunshine Coast, British Columbia. Trichiaceae Family
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Steiglitz, Victoria, Australia
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Hemitrichia serpulaPretzel slime moldSlo.: ?Date: Sept. 11. 2009Lat.: 46,33481 Long.: 13,53083Code: Bot_377/2009-3314Habitat: mixed woodland, nearly flat ground, cretaceous clastic rock (flysh), rain protected by trees canopies, in full shade, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 445 m (1.450 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: fallen old deciduous tree, probably Acer sp., partly debarked, covered with mosses.Place: West of Bovec, near the trail to Pluna village, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC
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Hemitrichia cf clavata (Pers.) Rostaf., syn.: Trichia clavata Pers., Hyporhamma clavatum (Pers.) LadoEN: Yellow-Fuzz Cone Slime, DE: Gelber ScheinhaarstublingSlo.: kitajska zlatovkaDat.: Oct. 5. 2009Lat.: 46.33439 Long.: 13.48114Code: Bot_388/2009_DSC5885Habitat: Mixed, predominantly Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3 -5 deg C, elevation 1.330 m (4.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: fallen, heavily rotted trunk of a deciduous tree, probably Fagus sylvatica. Place: Bovec basin, Gozdec forest, above the road from Mt.Kanin cable car station B to the foot of Mt. Kopa, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC. Comment: There was no microscopy done for this observation, hence the determination is unreliable. Myxomycetes pass through very different shapes and colors during development of their sporocarps. In most cases it is impossible to determine them to species level without microscopic observation of their spores and structure, at least for me. These pictures show immature sporocarps. Sporocysts have not yet opened, capillitium and spore mass are not yet visible. Also stalks are mostly not yet developed. This makes determination even more difficult. Nevertheless, the size and the shape of the oldest sporocarps and stalks with reddish tint points toward Hemitrichia clavata. But, it is possible that the pictures show other Hemitrichia or Trichia species like similar Trichia decipiens or Hemitrichia calyculata. Picture #10 shows eventually another species. On picture #8 one can see also two species of (probably) Ascomycetes - a larger jelly fungus and smaller black blobs (both lower left). What a picturesque life one can find just on a small piece of rotten wood! A white 'mycelium' shown on the same picture (and others - upper left) probably belongs to another kind of fungus. Although Hemitrichia clavata has white plasmodium these fibers don't seem to me to be its plasmodium. Ref.:(1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland,The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 127.(2) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 124.(x) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p 371; Vol.2. p 130.(3) S. Behri, Raznolikost Pravih Sluzavk (Myxomycetes) v okolici Mengea, (in Slovene) (True Slime Molds (Myxomycetes) Diversity in the Vicinity of Menge), Graduation thesis, University Studies, University in Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Biology department (2015), p 86.(4) H. Neubert, W. Nowotny, K. Baumann - H. Marx, Die Myxomyceten Deutschlands und des angrenzenden Alpenraumes unter besonderen Bercksichtigung sterreichs, Vol.2.,Karlheinz Baumann Verlag, (1993, 1995, 2000), p 232.
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Maule Region, Chile
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Three Lakes, Wisconsin, United States
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Clastoderma
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Fuligo sp. L. Dog vomit slime mold, Flowers of Tan, DE: Lohblte, HexenbutterSlo.: reslov cvetDat.: Oct. 19. 2015 - 13:55; about 5 days after previous picturesCode: Bot_920/2015_DSC9418All observations: Lat.: 46.36005 Long.: 13.70239Habitat: edge of former pasture; partly overgrown with Picea abies, Ostrya carpinifolia, Fagus sylvatica; slightly inclined mountain slope, southwest aspect, locally almost flat terrain, shallow, stony, calcareous ground; open, mostly sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7 - 9 deg C, elevation 595 m (1.950 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Temperatures from Oct. 11. to Oct. 19. were between 1 to 12 deg C, from Oct. 13. to Oct. 19. there were periods of very heavy rains. Substratum: on bark of a piece of cut down Picea abies trunk deposited on a pile of cut down Picea abies wood and branches; wood in its initial decomposition phase, mostly still in bark.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa; near 'Na Melu' place somewhat south of Trenta 2b cottage; East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comments: This Myxomicete almost certainly belongs to genus Fuligo. The first measurement of its spores made on live material distinguished it from the most common species in this genus Fuligo septica. Fuligo septica has smaller spores, from 6 to 9 microns in diameter, while most of other species have spores larger than 10 microns in diameter. Also colors of either aethalium (fruiting body formed from all or most of the plasmodium), or of plasmodium (acellular, multinucleate mass of protoplasm, which crawls around, feeds and grows before it forms aethalium), or of inner lime (structure within spore mass of mature aethalium) of this observation fit perfectly to none of the five varieties of Fuligo septica described in Ref.:3 (namely: F.s. var. septica, F.s. var. flava, F.s. var. candida, F.s. var. rosea and F.s. var. rufa). Using the key of the genus Fuligo given in Ref.: 1 one comes straight to Fuligo intermedia Macbr., syn.: Fuligo cinerea var. ecorticata Lister. The measured average spore diameter and spore surface fit best, but not perfect, to this species (pertains to the first measurement of spores). But there are important differences from the descriptions of this species in the literature. For example, cortex (a more or less thick outer layer of an aethalium) is not thin as it should be. Hypothallus (a thin layer between the substrate and fruiting body) was membranous and of several layers (as it should be according to Ref.:1) but it was only locally white. Dominant colors were yellow and even red. According to literature the color of aethalium should be dirty white, pale gray or brownish. This was so only on a rather limited part of aethalium (see pictures 30-32 upper part of the aethalium). Aethalium was mostly black with partly deep reddish tint. The dried sample of the find has been analyzed at the Slovenian Forestry Institute by Mrs. Sanja Behri. Spores have been measured twice (on two sets of equipment). Significantly smaller average dimension (8.5-8.7 m and 8.8 m; n > 20) found. This fits well to Fuligo septica. However, the other observed discrepancies from this species remain. A most probable but unverified assumption is that very bad weather with low temperatures during the development of the aethalium caused unusual properties. The quite significant differences in the results of spore dimensions of all three measurements could be the consequence of an uneven development of spore mass in different parts of aethalium, which were analyzed. But this is only an assumption. Because of that a reliable determination of the find remains open.Spores minutely warted. Dimensions: 9.6 [10.2 ; 10.5] 11.1 x 8.4 [9.1 ; 9.4] 10.1 microns; Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 10.4 x 9.2 microns; Qe = 1.1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (all other pictures), in water; in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) Personal communication with Mrs. dipl.biol. Sanja Behri, The Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana.(2) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland, The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 244. (3) S.L. Stephenson and H. Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 124. (4) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p 392.
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Tubulifera arachnoidea Jacq, syn.: Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch) Gmel., Stemonitis ferruginosa Batsch, Lycoperdon ferruginosum (Batsch) Timm, Jacq.Rasberry slime mold, DE: Himbeerrot SlimeSlo.: oranna ikrovkaDat.: June 7. 2013Lat.: 46.36079 Long.: 13.70242Code: Bot_721/2013_DSC6505+IMG3521Habitat: Mountain pasture, slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; skeletal, colluvial, calcareous ground; full sun; dry and relatively warm place; exposed to direct rain; average precipitation ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 610 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: a piece of partly rotten trunk of Picea abies lying on ground. Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, right bank of river Soa, Na Melu place near the cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comment: Tubulifera arachnoidea, former Tubifera ferruginosa is a complex of several taxa. Several taxa on var. and subsp. level have been described; however Index Fungorum (still?) considers all of them as synonyms. The last revision of this complex (to my knowledge) from 2015 (Ref.1) has defined Tubifera ferruginosa (Batsch) Gmel. subsp. ferruginosa Leontyev, Schnittler & S.L. Stephenson, subsp. nov. also on DNA level. Its description fits well to the observed traits of this find. MycoBank keeps Tubulifera arachnoidea as the current name, while Index Fungorum keeps both names Tubulifera arachnoidea and Tubulifera ferruginosa as current (?). I keep with Ref.4 naming.Ref.:(1) D.V. Leontyev, M. Schnittler, S.L. Stephenson, A critical revision of the Tubifera ferruginosa complex, Mycologia, 107(5) (2015), pp. 959985. (2) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland, The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 95(3) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 159(4) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p 316; Vol.2. p 47.
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Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italy
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Fuligo septica (L.)Wigg., syn. Mucorsepticus L., Reticularia septica (L.) With., Aethalium septicum (L.) Fr., Fuligo varians Sommerf.Scrambled-egg slime, Dog vomit slime mold, Flowers of Tan, DE: Gelbe Lohblte, HexenbutterSlo.: reslov cvetThe aethalium picture taken on July 21. Dat.: July 21. 2014Code: Bot_815/2014_DSC2009 Lat.: 46.36114 Long.: 13.70122Habitat: old partly tree overgrown pasture, near mixed wood edge; moderately southeast inclined foot of an old overgrown scree slope; open, dry, sunny place; shallow, skeletal, calcareous ground, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 630 m (2.070 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: a stump of Picea abies cut down three years ago.Place: Lower Trenta valley, between villages Soa and Trenta, upper part of 'Na Melu' place, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC.Comment: Myxomycetes are poorly known yet very interesting creatures. For decades they have been shuffled back and forth between the animal and plants kingdoms until recognized as separate creatures. They are not animals because they proliferate by spores. They are also not plants since they crumble around (an animal like ability) and fix themselves firmly to substrate only at the end of their life cycle. They don't produce their own food like plants but feed by 'hunting' (actually engulfing) bacteria and tiny bits of other organic matter, which is another animal like feature. The first stage in their development cycle, which is observable in the field, is called plasmodium. Earlier stages (from myxoflagellates, myxoamoebae, to zygote) are microscopic and can be observed only in labs. Plasmodium is a single giant living cell, a clump of protoplasm filled with thousands of cell nuclei, crawling around, eating bacteria and growing. Some of such plasmodia are the largest cells of living creatures known. In some species they can measure several meters across or weight up to 20 kg. That it much larger than ostrich's eggs, which are popularly considered as 'largest living cells'! Plasmodia could be found in the field, some are even brightly colored and easy to spot; however, it is almost impossible to determine to which species they belong. Plasmodium of Fuligo septica is commonly described like disgusting mucus, spilled scrambled eggs, dogs vomiting and other 'benevolent' portrayals.When the time is right or delicate environmental conditions required for growth worsen plasmodia eventually evolves (usually almost completely) into sporocarps of different forms. These are bodies producing spores and then vanishing. In genus Fuligo sporocarp is a cushion like aethalium sitting on a thin whitish, 'fibrous' layer called hypothallus (Fig.14.). These'cushions' are what one usually finds in the field. But, other Myxomycetes develop also many other forms of sporocarps full of beauty, delicacy and imagination. Aethalia of Fuligo septica are usually covered with a kind of crust called cortex, which is brittle and soon crumbles away. In humid conditions it may not fully develop (Ref.1). Inside a mature aethalium there is a mesh of thin tubes or fibers called capillitium and zillions of dark brown spores. Fuligo septica has characteristic nodes on capillitial tubes, which are clearly seen on Fig. 4M. In due course the aethalium decomposes almost entirely into spore mass (Fig.17., 18.), which are sooner or later blown or washed away (Fig.20. taken about three weeks after the first photo). Size and shape of spores and structure of their surface are important traits for species determination. Cushion-shaped aethalium measured approximately 14 x 5 cm and was about 3 cm thick. Spores are minutely warty and globose to subglobose. Dimensions: 8 [8,4 ; 8,7] 9,1 x 7,4 [8 ; 8,2] 8,7 microns; Q = [1 ; 1,07] 1,1; N = 25; C = 95%; Me = 8,5 x 8,1 microns; Qe = 1,05. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores), NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (capillitium), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypothallus); in water, living material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Spore sample taken on July 23. 2014.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland, The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 246(2) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 123(3)
www.hiddenforest.co.nz/slime/family/physaraceae/physa02.htm 6-9(4) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Bozzonet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p128; Vol.2., p168.
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Unfortunately, I couldn't get very close to this log. It was on the other side of the track's fence. The log had a lot of interesting things on it, including this lovely red-brown slime mould. There were also some very tiny yellowish cup fungi on the side of the log that I really would have liked to have a closer look at. There was also an interesting Campanella species. Sigh.
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Cribraria vulgaris Schrad, syn.: Cribraria vulgaris var. genuina Rostaf., Cribraria vulgaris var. vulgaris Schrad. Date: June 15. 2009Lat.: 46.33506 Long.: 13.53008Code: Bot_356/2009-DSC0347Habitat: mixed wood in a mountain ravine, moderately inclined mountain slope, southwest aspect; cretaceous clastic rock (flysh); protected from direct rain by trees canopies and tall herbs, in shade, very humid place; precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, altitude 450 m (1.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region.Substratum: fallen, debarked and completely rotten deciduous tree trunk, hidden in tall herbs. Place: Bovec basin, west of Bovec, near the trail to Pluna village, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia ECComment: My initial tentative determination in 2009 Cribraria intricata was wrong. Based on new literature I've obtained the best fit seems to be Cibraria vulgaris. Fitting dimensions of sporocarps, distinct, well defined cup-shaped calyculus with irregular teeth, density of peridium mesh, color of sporangia and stalk tapering upwards, substratum and large colony speak in favor of this determination. Species has been already found in Slovenia (Ref.4) contrary to Cribraria intricata. However, determination with certainty would still require microscopic verification of traits. Unfortunately this hasn't been done.Ref: (1) B. Ing, The Myxomycetes of Britain and Ireland,The Richmond Publ. Co.Ltd, (1999), p 103(2) S.L.Stephenson and H.Stempen, Myxomycetes, Timber Press Inc.(2000), p 80.(3) M. Poulain, M. Meyer, J. Borronet, Les Myxomycetes, FMBDS (2011), Vol.1., p 307; Vol.2. p 19.(4) S. Behri, Raznolikost Pravih Sluzavk (Myxomycetes) v okolici Mengea, (in Slovene) (True Slime Molds (Myxomicetes) Diversity in Vicinity of Menge) (in Slovene), Graduation Thesis, University Studies, University in Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Biology department (2015), p70.(5)
www.br.fgov.be/cgi-bin/RESEARCH/COLLECTIONS/HERBARIUMS/FU...(6)
www.micobotanicajaen.com/Revista/Articulos/FMorenoG/Myxom...
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Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italy
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Clastoderma
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Grows on dead wood. Inside has the consistancy of thick cream.Cradley, Malvern, Worcs. SO729470
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Castel Fusano, Lazio, Italy
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Florida, United States
