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Slo.: osmojena kolobarnica - Habitat: In mixed alpine forest, dominant Fagus sylvatica with some Picea abies and Abies alba; locally east, generally south oriented mountain slope, relatively warm place, calcareous bedrock however apparently at least to some extent acid soil (Vaccinium myrtillus abundant); mostly in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.470 m (4.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil under Fagus sylvatica. - Comments: Following the key of Tricholoma (Fries.1821) in Ref.:(3), p521 I come to Tricholoma ustale without problems. However, the color of the fruitbodies found seems too to be too bright and to have more yellow and less red as in most references. Not sure the determination is OK. - Growing scattered, about 5 - 6 fruitbodies; pileus diameter from 6 to 8.5 cm, stipe up to 8.5 cm long; taste mushroomy and moderately bitter and burning, unpleasant; smell not strong, on earth (?); flesh whitish, bruising slowly with time, particularly at the base of the stipe; SP white (oac909), pilei strongly slimy, the layer of the mucus more than 1 mm thick. - Spores smooth, elliptical. Dimensions: 7.1 (SD = 0.4) x 5.4 (SD = 0.3) μ, Q = 1.31 (SD = 0.08), n = 28. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si . (2) M. E. Noordeloos, Th. Kuyper, E. Vellinga (1999). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands. Taylor & Francis. p126. cited after http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricholoma_ustale. (3) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 3, Ulmer (2001), p 539. (4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 236. (5) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 111. (6) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 158. (7) http://healing-mushrooms.net/archives/tricholoma-ustale.html Nikon D700 / Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: rumenea kolobarnica - Habitat: bottom of an Alpine valley; steep slope at the edge of an old alluvial, grass covered terrace; edge of a large extensively used pasture; with scattered Picea abies, Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica and different bushes; under Betula but also Picea trees not far; calcareous, sandy ground; mostly in shade; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy soil. Comments: Determination of gray to gray-brown Tricholoma species is (too?) difficult task for me. I considered two names for this find - Tricholoma scalpturatum and Tricholoma argyraceus Bull.. Breitenbach Ref.: 2 and Krieglsteiner Ref.:4 consider both as synonyms. Tricholoma monograph Ref.:6 doesn't treat Tricholoma argyraceus as an independent species but (only briefly) as a subspecies of Tricholoma scalpturatum. Contrary Index Fungorum and MycoBank consider both names as valid names of two independent species. As far as I was able to study this find it fits reasonably well to the traits of Tricholoma scalpturatum. However, the facts that observed yellowing of the stipe and lamellae (typical for T. scalpturatum but not for T. argyraceus, Ref.:6) was quite modest (see picture #5, right most pileus), that the mushrooms were found under Betula pendula (Ref.:7 lists this tree as a known mycorrhizal partner only for T. argyraceus) and that the measured average Q of the spores is 1.6 (according to Ref.:7 it should be: 1.3 < Q < 1.5 for T. scalpturatum and 1.5 < Q < 1.9 for T. scalpturatum) speak in favor of alternative and less common Tricholoma argyraceus. Probably only an elaborate microscopy would give an answer to this dilemma. Growing in scattered groups of several pilei, altogether more than thirty pilei; pilei diameter up to 4(5) cm; SP whitish, oac851. Spores smooth. Dimensions: 5 [5.6; 5.9] 6.5 x 3 [3.4; 3.6] 4 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.6; 1.7] 1.9; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 5.7 x 3.5 microns; Qe = 1.6. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si. (1) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 109. SP5-6/3-4* (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 336. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 156. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 544. (5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 260. (6) R. Galli, I Tricolomi, Atlante pratico-monografico per la determinazione del Genere Tricholoma, Edinatura (1999), p 118. (7) MycoBank, http://www.mycobank.org/
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Slo.: mika, prstena kolobarnica - Habitat: Open predominantly Pinus sp. forest, south oriented slope, warm place, calcareous ground, under a Pine, almost fully exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 735 m (2.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil. - Spore print white to crme. Taste and smell mild, indistinctive. These mushrooms grow in groups and lines. Spore dimensions: 7,3 (SD=0.5 x 4.8 (SD=0.4) micr., n=20. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication Mr. Bojan Rot, http://www.gobenabovskem.si/index.php (2) J.Grom, Nae gobe (in Slovene), epna Knjiga, (1981), p 68. (3) G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p 143. (4) M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 154 (5) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 182.
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Slo.: iroka gostolistka, tenkobetna gostolistka - Habitat: Steep mixed wood, predominantly Fagus sylvatica, north oriented, relatively cool place, in shade, protected from direct rain by tree canopies, locally flat calcareous ground covered with a thick layer of dead Fagus sylvatica leaves, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 800 m (2.600 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil covered with a thick layer of dead leaves. - Comments: Growing in groups, circles, lines. Many specimens present. Flesh brittle and watery, hut surface shiny somewhat waxy, gills dense and narrow. All specimens shown are quite old. White tomentum visible on some mushrooms is another fungus or mould species attaching M. subbrevipes. Ref.: (1) Personal communication Mr. Anton Poler and Mr. Bojan Rot, http://www.gobenabovskem.si/ . (2) A.Poler, D.Vraj, A.Boh, Seznam Gliv Slovenije (Checklist of Fungi of Slovenia), Ed. A.Poler, Association of Mycological Societies of Slovenia, second edition (1998) p 49. (3) J.Grom, Nae gobe (in Slovene), epna Knjiga, (1981), p 154. (4) R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 309.
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tenkobetna gostolistka (assuming Melanoleuca strictipes and Melanoleuca alpina are synonyms) (Melanoleuca alpina is not listed in SI checklist) - Melanoleuca evenosa ss. Konr., Melanoleuca strictipes ss. Khn, Tricholoma cnistass. Bres. - Habitat: east inclined moderately steep alpine grassland, calcareous ground, open place, full sun, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature about 0 deg C, elevation 2.030 m (6.600 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil. - Comments: At least three names can be found in literature in connection with relatively large, more or less whitish Melanoleuca species growing at alpine elevations - Melanoleuca subalpina, Melanoleuca evenosa and Melanoleuca strictipes. Taxonomy of these taxa seems to me messy; to my knowledge no monograph dedicated to this genus is available. Some authors, including Index Fungorum, consider these names as separate species; some consider them as synonyms (for example Breitenbach (1991)). Ref.: 1. considers Melanoleuca subalpina and Melanoleuca evenosa synonyms and Melanoleuca strictipes a separate species. Ref.:3. considers Melanoleuca evenosa and Melanoleuca strictipes as synonyms. In literature data about spore dimensions also contradicts. - The find shown corresponds excellently to the description of Melanoleuca subalpina given in Dhncke (2009), hence I decided for it. Since pilei diameters of this observation in average equal or exceed stipe length this should be Melanoleuca alpina and not Melanoleuca strictipes (ss. Ref.4) (assuming both are separate species). However measured spore dimensions of this find do not fit to data given in Dhncke (2009), but they fit well to Breitenbach (1991) and Bresinsky (1977) and also to other sources (assuming Melanoleuca strictipes and Melanoleuca subalpina are synonyms). More and more I value Arora's advise that '... exact identities of closely related Melanoleuca-s are best left to Melanoleuca-masters'. - Growing in a group of about 10 pilei in an area of about 4 x 4 m; pileus diameter 6-8(16) cm, hygrophanous to some extent; stipe shorter or equal to pileus diameter (see Ref.3.); taste mild; smell mild but characteristic, may be slightly on vegetable or turnips?; flesh brittle and watery, fibrous in stipe, SP abundant, beige, oac851. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 8.4 [9 ; 9.3] 9.8 x 4.3 [4.6 ; 4.8] 5.1 microns, Q = 1.8 [1.9 ; 2] 2.1; N = 32; C = 95%; Me = 9.1 x 4.7 microns; Qe = 1.9. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF. - Ref.: (1) R. M. Dhncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 299. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 252.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 376. (4) A. Bresinsky, J. Stangl, Beitragezur Revision M. Brizelmeyrs: Hymenomyceten aus Sd-Bayern, 13. Die Gatung Melanoleuca, Z. Pilzkd. (1977) 43: pp 145-173 (cited in Ref.:3.) (5) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 171. (6) G.L. Bue, F. Montacchini, A.Ceruti, Macromycetes of the Alpine Belt: Mycocoenological investigations in the Western Italian Alps by Multivariable Methods, Coenoses (1994) 9(3), pp103-155.
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Slo.: pegasta gostolistka - Melanoleuca polioleuca (Fr.) G. Moreno - Habitat: Mixed wood side and grassland of a golf playground; flat terrain, relatively humid but sunny place, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 370 m (1.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil. - Comments: There is a confusion about the names as well as spore dimension data in literature available to me. For example: Rodger mushrooms has Melanoleuca polioleuca as a synonym of Melanoleuca melaleuca. Index Fungorum as well as Slovenian checklist of fungi have both names as valid names. I keep with data in Ref.(1). - Growing solitary and in large, but sparse groups, many fruit bodies. Pileus diameter up to 9 cm (3,5 inch), up to 10 cm (4 inch) tall. Taste slightly unpleasant, smell indistinctive. Cap glabrous, dark gray-brown (oac868), gills whitish-beige (oac850-851), stipe concolorous with the cap, darker toward the base. SP whitish with a slight pink tint (oac857). Some mycelium present at the base of the stipe. - Spores ornamented. Dimensions: 8.1 (SD = 0.5) x 5.1 (SD = 0.3) micr., Q = 1.59 (SD = 0.08), n = 30. Many fusiform and lageniform pleurocystidia present as well as such with crystals at their tips (this excludes M. melaleuca). Motic B2-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. Congo red. - Ref.: (1) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 3, Ulmer (2001), p 375. (2) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 99. (3) M.Noordeloos et all, Flora Agaricina Neerlandica #4, Balcema (1999), p164. (4) A.Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije (in Slovene), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol.Soc. of Slovenia (1998), p 48.
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Slo.: lina trhlenka - Habitat: Mixed wood: Picea abies, Pinus nigra, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus ornus and Fraxinus excelsior, etc; flat terrain, shallow forest soil layer, probably somewhat acid, old consolidated river deposit, calcareous ground, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 410 m (1.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: Fallen rotten trunk of a small Pinus nigra. - Comments: Several fruitbodies on the log, pileus diameter up to 6.5 cm (3.5 inch), taste and smell indistinctive, SP white with faint pink tint (oac795), cup golden-yellow (oac852), gills deep golden (oac811), stipe concolorous with gills, lighter at the base. - Spore dimensions: 7.2 (SD = 0.5) x 5.3 (SD = 0.4) micr., Q = 1.4 (SD = 0.09), n = 30. - Ref.: (1) Id'ed by Mr. Bojan Rot. (2) http://www.mushroomexpert.com/tricholomopsis_decora.html . (3) http://www.grzyby.pl/gatunki/Tricholomopsis_decora.htm . (4) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 98. (5) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 150.
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Slo.: poprhnjena livka - Habitat: mossy upland grassland with scattered Picea abies, Juniperus comm unis Fraxinus ornus, Corylus avellana, etc., fairly flat, quite deep, humid, calcareous, south faced ground, partly in shade of a Picea abies, exposed to rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 890 m (2.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil. - Comments: Spores 7,2 (SD=0,6) x 4,0 (SD=0,3) micr, n= 30. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water. Spore print light gray-ocher with a slight tint of green, taste mild, unpleasant, smell rank, a kind of mushroomy but very specific. - Ref.: personal communication Mr. Bojan Rot http://www.gobenabovskem.si/. J.Grom, Nae gobe (in Slovene), epna Knjiga, (1981), p 162. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 210. D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 159.
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Slo.: podvihana kolesnica - syn.: Clitocybe flaccida (Sowerby) P. Kumm., Clitocybe inversa (Scop.) Qul., Lepista flaccida (Sowerby) Pat., Clitocybe flaccida (Sowerby) P. Kumm., Clitocybe gilva (Fr.) Kumm., Lepista inversa (Scop.) Pat., Lepista gilva (Pers.) Pat., Paralepista gilva (Pers.) Raithelh., Omphalia flaccida (Sowerby) Qul., Omphalia inversa (Scop.) Qul. - Habitat: Old, calcareous alluvial terrace, mixed wood, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Ostrya carpinifolia dominant trees; under large Picea abies canopies (total shade, no ground vegetation, protected from direct rain) but also on grassy wood edge (half open, partly sunny place, exposed to direct rain); locally flat terrain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 415 m (1.360 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil, rotten needles and other plant material. Comments: Paralepista flaccida is a common, very variable (look at the list of synonyms!) yet relatively easy to recognize fungus by its foxy-red-brown (when wet) to orange-ocher (when dry) color and by its fleshy, waxy appearance. It shares typical Lepista species habit but it is somewhat smaller than more frequent and better known Lepista nuda or Lepista nebularis. Gills are easy to separate from trama as in most Lepista species. The fungus was separate from Lepista genus and put into Paralepista genus only in the year 2012 based on DNA evidence. Before that various genus and species names had been used and long, long debates about its taxonomy took place. Growing in groups, many fruit bodies found; pileus diameter 2.8 - 6 cm; smell pleasant, partly mushroomy partly mealy; flesh watery, brittle; SP white with a slight orange-pink tint. Spores somewhat warty, subglobose. Dimensions: (4) 4.1 - 4.7 (5.1) x (3.2) 3.7 - 4.3 (4.5) microns; Q = 1 - 1.2 (1.3); N = 40; Me = 4.5 x 4 microns ; Qe = 1.1. Olympus Motic B2-211A, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water, fresh material;. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Ror, gobenabovskem.si (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 212. (3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 289. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 142.
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Slo.: golobija kolobarnica - syn.: Tricholoma album ss. Kuhner & Romagnesi 1953, Gyrophila lasciva (Fr.) Qul. - Habitat: slightly inside light, mixed, unmaintained forest edge with many shrubs; Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Corylus avellana, Prunus spinosa, Rubus sp. etc. present; near a small water stream; flat terrain; cretaceous clastic rock (flysh) bedrock with some limestone; humid place, mostly in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-10 deg C, elevation 460 m (1.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: There exist four whitish species with similar habit in the genus Tricholoma: Tricholoma album, Tricholoma columbetta, Tricholoma inamoenum and Tricholoma lascivum. Also nomenclature history of these species is 'difficult'. Hence confusion and misidentifications are frequent. From this reason some experts consider published distribution ranges of these species as questionable. MycoBank (Ref.7) states: 'Real distribution poorly known because of the taxonomic confusion with similar species'. This find was at first (based on habit) recognized as Tricholoma inamoenum. However, measured spore dimensions were much too small. Their dimensions and particularly narrow spores (Q exceeding 1.6) speaks in favor of Tricholoma lascivum. Also other macro traits and habitat seems to fit reasonably well to this determination. On the other hand, Tricholoma album is a symbiont with Betula or Quercus, which were not present in the vicinity. Tricholoma columbetta is practically without odor (Ref. 2 and 3) while the find had strong, unpleasant smell on gas or chemistry. Tricholoma album and Tricholoma columbetta also have somewhat smaller spores, while, Tricholoma inamoenum has significantly larger spores. Description: Several fruitbodies present, some clustered; pilei diameter up to 3 - 7(8) cm; smell strong, unpleasant, on gas or some chemistry; taste not tested; SP abundant, white. Spores smooth. Dimensions: (6) 6,3 - 7,6 (8) x (3,5) 3,8 - 4,5 (4,8) microns; Q = (1,4) 1,5 - 1,9 (2,1); N = 35; Me = 6,9 x 4,1 microns; Qe = 1,7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); in water; fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) C. Bas, Th.W.Kuyper, M.E. Nordeloos, E.C. Vellinga (eds.), Flora Agaricina Neerlandica, A.A. Balkema, Vol.4. (1999), p 145. (2) M.Christensen, J. Heilmann-Clausen, The genus Tricholoma, Fungi of Northern Europe, Vol.4. (2013), p 186. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 330. (4) https://www.myko.cz/myko-atlas/Tricholoma-lascivum/ (accessed Nov. 4. 2017) (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 568. (6) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 154.
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Slo.: grenka velepodvihanka - syn.: Leucopaxillus amarus auct., Clitocybe gentianea Qul., Clitocybe amara sensu auct., Lepista amara sensu auct. - Habitat: Mixed forest, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; calcareous ground; relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 930 m (3.050 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comment: Leucopaxillus gentianeus is a beautiful mushroom with its nicely brown, felted hut, however, with disgusting taste. Definitely not a candidate for culinary experiences! Three pilei were found; pilei diameter up to 10 cm; gills can be easily separated from trama as a separate layer; not discoloring brownish on handling (as some sources say); smell mild, indistinctive, somewhat mushroomy or mealy; taste much unpleasant, bitter, jerked, or on some chemistry, persistent; SP abundant, white. Spores minutely warty (barely visible with my equipment and in water). Dimensions: (5.2) 5.5 - 6.3 (7) x (4.1) 4.3 - 5.1 (5.6) microns; Q = (1.1) 1.14 - 1.4 (1.5); N = 30; Me = 5.9 x 4.8 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water, fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 206. (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1995), p 218. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 302. (5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 162. (6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 96. (7) http://www.mycoquebec.org/bas.php?trie=L&l=l&nom=Leucopaxillus%20gentianeus%20/%20Leucopaxille%20amer&tag=Leucopaxillus%20gentianeus&gro=36 (accessed Nov.8. 2017) (8) http://www.mushroomexpert.com/leucopaxillus_gentianeus.html (accessed Nov.8. 2017)
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Slo.: bledovijolina kolesnica - syn: Clitocybe glaucocana (Bres.) Bigelow & Sm., Lepista nuda var. glaucocana (Bres.) Krieglst - Habitat: Mixed wood; Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Ostrya carpinifolia, Fraxinus ornus, Corylus avellana dominant trees; under Fagus sylvatica; slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; calcareous, skeletal ground on coluvial ground; in shade, moderately dry and relatively warm place; protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 605 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: a layer of dead Fagus sylvatica leaves. Comments: Lepista glaucocana is a quite common mushroom in Trenta valley. It is beautiful, quite large and usually occurs in large groups. Its color is variable and hence it is sometimes difficult to be distinguished in field from similar more violet Lepista nuda and more whitish Lepista irina. Growing gregarious, over 15 pilei present; pilei diameter from 5.5 to 10 cm, stipe from 4 to 6.5 cm long and from 1.3 to 4 cm in diameter; smell strong on something in between earthy, floury and mushroomy; taste mild, mushroomy, quite pleasant; pilei cuticle peels of easily; SP abundant, whitish-beige, oac7. Spores smooth, somewhat warty. Dimensions: 6.2 [6.9 ; 7.2] 7.9 x 3.6 [4.2 ; 4.4] 4.9 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.6 ; 1.7] 1.9; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 7 x 4.3 microns; Qe = 1.7. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material; in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 294. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 210. (3) http://www.gobe.si/Gobe/LepistaGlaucocana (4) http://www.svims.ca/council/Lepist.htm SP
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Slo.: veplena kolobarnica - Habitat: Young mixed wood/thicket (mostly Fagus sylvatica, Picea abies, Fraxinus ornus), fairly flat, shallow, calcareous, southeast faced ground, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 640 m (2.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy forest ground. - Comments: Spores 10.2 (SD=0.5) x 6.9 (SD=0.4) micr, n=20; unmistakable awful and strong smell, like a poorly maintained sulfur water spa. - Ref: Personal communication Mr. Bojan Rot, http://www.gobenabovskem.si/ rel='nofollow'>www.gobenabovskem.si/ - M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 152. - R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 238. - http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6875~source~gallerychooserresult.asp
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Slo.: oranna kolobarnica - Habitat: Picea abies wood mixed with Fagus sylvatica, almost flat terrain, calcareous ground, in shade, almost no ground vegetation, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.350 m (4.350 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil. - Comments: This beautiful mushroom is not common in Slovenia. It is most frequently found in cultural and not natural landscape, namely in intensively forested stands of Picea abies (Ref.:(3)). Growing solitary, scattered and in groups, over 30 pilei at the site; pileus diameter up to 13 cm, stipe up to 8 cm tall; surface of the cap viscid, some pilei beaded with orange droplets; taste strong persistent, unpleasant, some kind of bitter, very specific; smell strong almost pleasant, on flour? fruits?, strange; SP white (oac909). - Spores smooth, broad elliptical to globose. Dimensions: 5.3 (SD = 0.4) x 4.1 (SD = 0.3) μ, Q = 1.31 (SD = 0.09), n = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 160. 5.5/4 (3) H.Doerfelt and E. Ruske, Die Welt der Pilze,Wissdorn-Verlag, Jena (2008), p 177. (4) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 187. 4-6/3-5 (5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 228. 4-5/3-3,5 (6) http://www.mushroomexpert.com/tricholoma_aurantium.html 5-6/3-4
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Slo.: latviasta palivka - Habitat: Unimproved grassland grassed by sheep, northeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous ground, mostly sunny, exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevations 630 m (2.050 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: grassland soil. - Coments: Growing solitary or two, tree together, pileus diameter up to 55 mm; smell mild, pleasant; SP white, slightly beige. Spore smooth, dimensions 8.3 (SD = 0.6) x 5.3 (SD = 0.4) micr., Q = 1.65 (SD = 0.12), n = 30.
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Slo.: vijolicasta kolesnica - Habitat: mossy upland grassland, fairly flat, quite deep, humid, calcareous, south faced ground, partly in shade of a Juniperus communis bush, exposed to rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 890 m (2.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil. - Comments: Spores 8,0 (SD=1,1) micr x 4,6 (SD=0,5) micr, n= 20. Motic B1-211, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water. Spore print crme to light ocher with a slight pink tint, taste mild, smell pleasant mushroomy. Gills can be easily separated from pileus. - Ref.: personal communication Mr. Bojan Rot http://www.gobenabovskem.si/. R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 213. R.Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Mayer (2008), p 398.
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Slo.: rdekasta trhlenka - syn.: Gyrophila rutilans (Schaeff.) Qul., Tricholoma rutilans (Schaeff.) P. Kumm., Tricholomopsis variegata (Scop.) Singer - Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant trees; locally almost flat terrain, bottom of the valley; calcareous ground; almost in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 820 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: totally rotten, moss overgrown Picea abies stump. Comments: Tricholomopsis rutilans can hardly be confused with other species in the field. Beautifully yellow-reddish colored mushroom has abundant and large (up to 140 microns long) cheilocystidia (special sterile cells that are found, in some mushrooms, popping up on the edges of the gills, here much larger than basidia), which can be seen even without microscope with any magnifying glass. The mushroom is generally quite common although not in the Trenta valley. A single fruitbody has been found. Smell and taste mild, undistinguished; SP white. Spores smooth with one guttule. Dimensions: (6,1) 6,7 - 7,6 (8) x (4,8) 4,9 - 5,7 (6,1) microns; Q = (1,2) 1,3 - 1,4 (1,6); N = 30; Me = 7,1 x 5,4 microns; Qe = 1,3. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water; fresh material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobemnbovskem.si (2) http://www.mushroomexpert.com/tricholomopsis_rutilans.html (accessed Nov.9. 2017) (3) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3., Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 346. 3 (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 578. (5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 224. (6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 98. (7) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 150.
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Slo.: janeeva livka - syn.: Clitocybe viridis (With.) Gillet - Habitat: former pastures, now light mixed wood, Picea abies, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus ornus, Corylus avellana dominant; moderately inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; colluvial, skeletal, calcareous ground; in haft shade; dry and relatively warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 8-9 deg C, elevation 635 m (2.080 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil, under a canopy of Picea abies. Comments: Clitocybe odora is easy to recognize. Blue-greenish appearance and strong characteristic smell on anis are distinctive. Growing scattered, several fruit bodies present; pileus diameter up to 6 cm, stipe length up to 5 cm; taste pleasant, on anis, smell strong on anis, sweets; SP whitish-beige. Spores smooth. Dimensions: 4,9 [5,9 ; 6,4] 7,4 x 3,1 [3,7 ; 3,9] 4,5 microns; Q = 1,3 [1,6 ; 1,7] 1,9; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 6,1 x 3,8 microns; Qe = 1,6. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, fresh material, in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot; www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 164. (3) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 91. 4 (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 136. 6 (5) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 166. (6) R. Lueder, Grundkurs Pilzbestimmung, Quelle & Meyer (2008), p 234.
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Slo.: pobeljena livka - syn.: Clitocybe rivulosa (Pers.: Fr.) Kummer - Habitat: alpine pasture near mixed wood edge; flat terrain, open, sunny place; old alluvium, calcareous ground; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 970 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil. Comments: Some authors claim that Clitocybe dealbata is deadly poisonous species. Growing in a group of several pilei. SP whitish, crme, oac858. Spores smooth. Dimensions: 4,3 [5,1 ; 5,4] 6,2 x 3 [3,5 ; 3,7] 4,2 microns; Q = 1,2 [1,4 ; 1,5] 1,7; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5,2 x 3,6 microns; Qe = 1,5. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, in vivo. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Ref.: (1) Id'ed by Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com (2) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 187. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 92. (5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3., Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 152. (6) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 168.
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Slo.: osmojena kolobarnica - Habitat: In mixed alpine forest, dominant Fagus sylvatica with some Picea abies and Abies alba; locally east, generally south oriented mountain slope, relatively warm place, calcareous bedrock however apparently at least to some extent acid soil (Vaccinium myrtillus abundant); mostly in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.470 m (4.800 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil under Fagus sylvatica. - Comments: Following the key of Tricholoma (Fries.1821) in Ref.:(3), p521 I come to Tricholoma ustale without problems. However, the color of the fruitbodies found seems too to be too bright and to have more yellow and less red as in most references. Not sure the determination is OK. - Growing scattered, about 5 - 6 fruitbodies; pileus diameter from 6 to 8.5 cm, stipe up to 8.5 cm long; taste mushroomy and moderately bitter and burning, unpleasant; smell not strong, on earth (?); flesh whitish, bruising slowly with time, particularly at the base of the stipe; SP white (oac909), pilei strongly slimy, the layer of the mucus more than 1 mm thick. - Spores smooth, elliptical. Dimensions: 7.1 (SD = 0.4) x 5.4 (SD = 0.3) μ, Q = 1.31 (SD = 0.08), n = 28. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si . (2) M. E. Noordeloos, Th. Kuyper, E. Vellinga (1999). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands. Taylor & Francis. p126. cited after http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricholoma_ustale. (3) G.J.Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Bade-Wrttembergs, Band 3, Ulmer (2001), p 539. (4) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 236. (5) R.Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 111. (6) M.Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 158. (7) http://healing-mushrooms.net/archives/tricholoma-ustale.html Nikon D700 / Nikkor Micro 105mm/f2.8
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Slo.: rumenea kolobarnica - Habitat: bottom of an Alpine valley; steep slope at the edge of an old alluvial, grass covered terrace; edge of a large extensively used pasture; with scattered Picea abies, Betula pendula and Fagus sylvatica and different bushes; under Betula but also Picea trees not far; calcareous, sandy ground; mostly in shade; exposed to direct rain; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 980 m (3.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy soil. Comments: Determination of gray to gray-brown Tricholoma species is (too?) difficult task for me. I considered two names for this find - Tricholoma scalpturatum and Tricholoma argyraceus Bull.. Breitenbach Ref.: 2 and Krieglsteiner Ref.:4 consider both as synonyms. Tricholoma monograph Ref.:6 doesn't treat Tricholoma argyraceus as an independent species but (only briefly) as a subspecies of Tricholoma scalpturatum. Contrary Index Fungorum and MycoBank consider both names as valid names of two independent species. As far as I was able to study this find it fits reasonably well to the traits of Tricholoma scalpturatum. However, the facts that observed yellowing of the stipe and lamellae (typical for T. scalpturatum but not for T. argyraceus, Ref.:6) was quite modest (see picture #5, right most pileus), that the mushrooms were found under Betula pendula (Ref.:7 lists this tree as a known mycorrhizal partner only for T. argyraceus) and that the measured average Q of the spores is 1.6 (according to Ref.:7 it should be: 1.3 < Q < 1.5 for T. scalpturatum and 1.5 < Q < 1.9 for T. scalpturatum) speak in favor of alternative and less common Tricholoma argyraceus. Probably only an elaborate microscopy would give an answer to this dilemma. Growing in scattered groups of several pilei, altogether more than thirty pilei; pilei diameter up to 4(5) cm; SP whitish, oac851. Spores smooth. Dimensions: 5 [5.6; 5.9] 6.5 x 3 [3.4; 3.6] 4 microns; Q = 1.4 [1.6; 1.7] 1.9; N = 30; C = 95%; Me = 5.7 x 3.5 microns; Qe = 1.6. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; in water, Congo red. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.si. (1) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 109. SP5-6/3-4* (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.3. Verlag Mykologia (1991), p 336. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 156. (4) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 3., Ulmer (2001), p 544. (5) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 260. (6) R. Galli, I Tricolomi, Atlante pratico-monografico per la determinazione del Genere Tricholoma, Edinatura (1999), p 118. (7) MycoBank, http://www.mycobank.org/
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Slo.: mika, prstena kolobarnica - Habitat: Open predominantly Pinus sp. forest, south oriented slope, warm place, calcareous ground, under a Pine, almost fully exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 735 m (2.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: soil. - Spore print white to crme. Taste and smell mild, indistinctive. These mushrooms grow in groups and lines. Spore dimensions: 7,3 (SD=0.5 x 4.8 (SD=0.4) micr., n=20. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: (1) Personal communication Mr. Bojan Rot, http://www.gobenabovskem.si/index.php (2) J.Grom, Nae gobe (in Slovene), epna Knjiga, (1981), p 68. (3) G. Pace, Vse o gobah (in Slovene), Mladinska Knjiga (1997), p 143. (4) M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 154 (5) D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 182.
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Slo.: iroka gostolistka, tenkobetna gostolistka - Habitat: Steep mixed wood, predominantly Fagus sylvatica, north oriented, relatively cool place, in shade, protected from direct rain by tree canopies, locally flat calcareous ground covered with a thick layer of dead Fagus sylvatica leaves, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 800 m (2.600 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil covered with a thick layer of dead leaves. - Comments: Growing in groups, circles, lines. Many specimens present. Flesh brittle and watery, hut surface shiny somewhat waxy, gills dense and narrow. All specimens shown are quite old. White tomentum visible on some mushrooms is another fungus or mould species attaching M. subbrevipes. Ref.: (1) Personal communication Mr. Anton Poler and Mr. Bojan Rot, http://www.gobenabovskem.si/ . (2) A.Poler, D.Vraj, A.Boh, Seznam Gliv Slovenije (Checklist of Fungi of Slovenia), Ed. A.Poler, Association of Mycological Societies of Slovenia, second edition (1998) p 49. (3) J.Grom, Nae gobe (in Slovene), epna Knjiga, (1981), p 154. (4) R.M.Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 309.