Kaluh or Saltmarsh bulrushCyperaceae (Sedge family)Indigenous to the Hawaiian Islands (All the main islands except Lnai and Kahoolawe)Oahu (Cultivated)Seed head pictured above.Flowerswww.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/5187966580/in/dateposted/Habitwww.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/5187366567/in/photostream/This indigenous sedge is not known to be used by early settlers in the Hawaiian Islands. However, in other parts of the world the seeds were used as a food source and the leaves were used in making baskets, mats, sandals, and clothing.EtymologyBolboschoenus is from the Greek bolbos, swelling or bulb, and schoinos, rush in reference to the ligneous (woody) tubers at the culm (aerial part of the plant) bases.The specific epithet martinus, growing by the sea, is in reference to its brackish-freshwater habitat.NPH00009nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Bolboschoenus_maritimus
Known also as Salt marsh bulrush, Seacoast bulrush, Cosmopolitan bulrush, Bayonet grass (although it is not a grass species), and others.Plants here were mostly around three to four feet tall (although they can be somewhat taller, up to 1.5 m) and were growing in a small but fairly dense cluster, which is typical for this perennial, rhizotamous native species. Spikelets are mainly sessile. Styles of the western hemisphere subspecies are bifid (also referred to as 2-fid) which is difficult to see here but I was able to confirm that at higher magnification. Stems are triangular (i.e. triquetrous) and the involucral bracts greatly exceed the inflorescence.The species has a worldwide distribution with two different subspecies currently recognized. The taxonomy of this species is somewhat complex. The subspecies in the western hemisphere with the 2-fid styles is Bolboschoenus maritimus subsp. paludosus (syn. Bolboschoenus maritimus var. paludosus, Scirpus maritimus var. paludosus).A synonym for the species would also include Schoenoplectus maritimus but that name would not apply to the western hemisphere form since it was never combined with the subspecies epithet. And, other "Scirpus" species which are now in Schoenoplectus including S. acutus and S. americanus and S. pungens remain there. But not Alkali bulrush which has been moved into own separate genus, i.e. BolboschoenusJune 29, 2014, elev. approx. 4,340 ft., Salt Lake County regional park complex, growing with Typha latifolia, Eleocharis palustris, Fremont's cottonwood hybrids, and the very invasive Solanum dulcamara. Less than 50 plants, wet meadow habitat opened up by Russian Olive removal, but with many highly undesirable Russian Olive trees remaining which are slated for further removal activities.
Summary[edit] Description: Deutsch: Blütenstand Taxonym: Bolboschoenus planiculmis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: zwischen Obergänserndorf und Harmannsdorf, Bezirk Korneuburg, Niederösterreich - ca. 180 m ü. A. Standort: nasse Stelle in Acker English: Inflorescence Taxonym: Bolboschoenus planiculmis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: between Obergänserndorf and Harmannsdorf, district Korneuburg, Lower Austria - ca. 180 m a.s.l. Habitat: wet field depression. Date: 1 June 2018, 21:33:32. Source: Own work. Author: Stefan.lefnaer.
HabitusTaxonym: Bolboschoenus planiculmis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: gravel pit east of Weyerburg, district Hollabrunn, Lower Austria - ca. 270 m a.s.l. Habitat: gravel pit
Summary[edit] Description: Native, warm season, perennial, erect, slender, rhizomatous sedge 30–90 (rarely to 120) cm tall. Leaves are strap-like and 2–7 mm wide. Flowerheads are compact heads of 3–6 spikelets, or with 1–3 spikelet clusters on branches 1–4 cm long; the involucral bracts are 4–22 cm long and 1.5–2.5 mm wide. Spikelets are 1–2 cm long and have numerous bisexual flowers. Glumes are about 7 mm long (plus mucro 2 mm long) and yellow-brown. Nuts have hypogynous bristles about half as long as nut and usually deciduous. Styles are 2-fid. Nuts are lenticular with concave faces, broad-obovoid, 3.5–4 mm long, 2.5–3 mm diam., straw-coloured to dark golden brown, shining and minutely but obviously reticulate. Flowering is in spring and summer. Occasional, in fresh-brackish swamps or inland along artesian bore drains. Date: 21 March 2012, 13:40. Source: Bolboschoenus caldwellii habit5. Author: Harry Rose from Dungog, Australia. Camera location32° 22′ 06.89″ S, 152° 28′ 40.62″ EView all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap - Google Earth-32.368580; 152.477949.
Summary[edit] Description: Deutsch: Habitus Taxonym: Bolboschoenus maritimus s. str. ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Teich bei Michelstetten, Bezirk Mistelbach, Niederösterreich - ca. 250 m.ü.A. Standort: Teichufer English: Habitus Taxonym: Bolboschoenus maritimus s. str. ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: pond near Michelstetten, district Mistelbach, Lower Austria - ca. 250 m a.s.l. Habitat: shore of a pond. Date: 31 May 2018, 10:58:09. Source: Own work. Author: Stefan.lefnaer. Camera location48° 35′ 42.71″ N, 16° 25′ 45.77″ EView all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap 48.595196; 16.429380.
Summary[edit] Description: English: Bolboschoenus robustus at Stone Lagoon in Humboldt County, N California. Date: 21 September 2016, 05:21:39. Source: Own work. Author: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.
Summary[edit] Description: Native warm-season perennial erect sedge 1-2 m tall and with long creeping rhizomes and woody tubers. Stems are 5-10 mm diameter and 3-sided. Leaves are to 12mm wide. Flowerheads have 6-9 branches, each with 1-6 brown spikelets to 2.5cm long. Flowers from spring to summer. Widespread in shallow water of creek edges and open swamps. Will grow out of water in higher rainfall areas. Palatable when young and leafy, but not when mature. Provides relatively low-digestibility feed, but can have high protein levels. Appears to be susceptible to continuous grazing and trampling. Often forms dense stands outside grazed paddocks, which are used as shelter by many native waterbirds, mammals, etc. Generally will not spread into deeper water. Don’t graze below the waterline in autumn. Date: 16 July 2008, 12:47. Source: Bolboschoenus fluviatilis habit5 NWP. Author: Harry Rose from Dungog, Australia. Camera location 29° 17′ 06.13″ S, 149° 18′ 40.28″ E: View all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap - Google Earth: -29.285037; 149.311190.
Kaluh or Saltmarsh bulrushCyperaceae (Sedge family)Indigenous to the Hawaiian Islands (All the main islands except Lnai and Kahoolawe)Oahu (Cultivated)Flowers pictured above.Seed headwww.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/5187367067/in/photostream/Habitwww.flickr.com/photos/dweickhoff/5187366567/in/photostream/This indigenous sedge is not known to be used by early settlers in the Hawaiian Islands. However, in other parts of the world the seeds were used as a food source and the leaves were used in making baskets, mats, sandals, and clothing.EtymologyBolboschoenus is from the Greek bolbos, swelling or bulb, and schoinos, rush in reference to the ligneous (woody) tubers at the culm (aerial part of the plant) bases.The specific epithet martinus, growing by the sea, is in reference to its brackish-freshwater habitat.NPH00008nativeplants.hawaii.edu/plant/view/Bolboschoenus_maritimus
Summary[edit] Description: Deutsch: Fruchtstand Taxonym: Bolboschoenus planiculmis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Teich südwestlich von Herrnleis, Bezirk Mistelbach, Niederösterreich - ca. 260 m ü. A. Standort: Teichrand English: Infructescence Taxonym: Bolboschoenus planiculmis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: pond southwest of Herrnleis, district Mistelbach, Lower Austria - ca. 260 m a.s.l. Habitat: border of a pond. Date: 12 October 2018, 08:55:14. Source: Own work. Author: Stefan.lefnaer. Camera location48° 31′ 04.85″ N, 16° 26′ 08.15″ EView all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap 48.518013; 16.435596.
Summary[edit] Description: Deutsch: Habitus Taxonym: Bolboschoenus planiculmis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Fundort: Tümpel 550 m südlich von Friebritz, Bezirk Mistelbach, Niederösterreich - ca. 250 m.ü.A. Standort: schlammig-lehmiger Teichboden English: Habitus Taxonym: Bolboschoenus planiculmis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: tarn 550 m south of Friebritz, district Mistelbach, Lower Austria - ca. 250 m a.s.l. Habitat: muddy-loamy ground of a pond. Date: 31 August 2019, 10:08:32. Source: Own work. Author: Stefan.lefnaer. Camera location48° 37′ 32.95″ N, 16° 25′ 51.28″ EView all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap 48.625820; 16.430910.
Summary[edit] Description: Native, warm season, perennial, erect, slender, rhizomatous sedge 30–90 (rarely to 120) cm tall. Leaves are strap-like and 2–7 mm wide. Flowerheads are compact heads of 3–6 spikelets, or with 1–3 spikelet clusters on branches 1–4 cm long; the involucral bracts are 4–22 cm long and 1.5–2.5 mm wide. Spikelets are 1–2 cm long and have numerous bisexual flowers. Glumes are about 7 mm long (plus mucro 2 mm long) and yellow-brown. Nuts have hypogynous bristles about half as long as nut and usually deciduous. Styles are 2-fid. Nuts are lenticular with concave faces, broad-obovoid, 3.5–4 mm long, 2.5–3 mm diam., straw-coloured to dark golden brown, shining and minutely but obviously reticulate. Flowering is in spring and summer. Occasional, in fresh-brackish swamps or inland along artesian bore drains. Date: 21 March 2012, 13:38. Source: Bolboschoenus caldwellii spikelet2. Author: Harry Rose from Dungog, Australia. Camera location32° 22′ 06.89″ S, 152° 28′ 40.62″ EView all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap - Google Earth-32.368580; 152.477949.
Summary[edit] Description: English: Bolboschoenus robustus at Stone Lagoon in Humboldt County, N California. Date: 21 September 2016, 05:21:42. Source: Own work. Author: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.
Summary[edit] Description: Native warm-season perennial erect sedge 1-2 m tall and with long creeping rhizomes and woody tubers. Stems are 5-10 mm diameter and 3-sided. Leaves are to 12mm wide. Flowerheads have 6-9 branches, each with 1-6 brown spikelets to 2.5cm long. Flowers from spring to summer. Widespread in shallow water of creek edges and open swamps. Will grow out of water in higher rainfall areas. Palatable when young and leafy, but not when mature. Provides relatively low-digestibility feed, but can have high protein levels. Appears to be susceptible to continuous grazing and trampling. Often forms dense stands outside grazed paddocks, which are used as shelter by many native waterbirds, mammals, etc. Generally will not spread into deeper water. Don’t graze below the waterline in autumn. Date: 26 June 2016, 21:32. Source: Bolboschoenus fluviatilis habit8 NC. Author: Harry Rose from Dungog, Australia. Camera location 31° 06′ 35″ S, 152° 55′ 08.29″ E: View all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap - Google Earth: -31.109721; 152.918969.
InfructescencesTaxonym: Bolboschoenus planiculmis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: pond "Im Krautbügeln" SE of Mailberg, district Hollabrunn, Lower Austria - ca. 210 m a.s.l. Habitat: shore
InfructescenceTaxonym: Bolboschoenus planiculmis ss Fischer et al. EfÖLS 2008 ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 Location: pond "Im Krautbügeln" SE of Mailberg, district Hollabrunn, Lower Austria - ca. 210 m a.s.l. Habitat: shore
Summary[edit] Description: Native, warm season, perennial, erect, slender, rhizomatous sedge 30–90 (rarely to 120) cm tall. Leaves are strap-like and 2–7 mm wide. Flowerheads are compact heads of 3–6 spikelets, or with 1–3 spikelet clusters on branches 1–4 cm long; the involucral bracts are 4–22 cm long and 1.5–2.5 mm wide. Spikelets are 1–2 cm long and have numerous bisexual flowers. Glumes are about 7 mm long (plus mucro 2 mm long) and yellow-brown. Nuts have hypogynous bristles about half as long as nut and usually deciduous. Styles are 2-fid. Nuts are lenticular with concave faces, broad-obovoid, 3.5–4 mm long, 2.5–3 mm diam., straw-coloured to dark golden brown, shining and minutely but obviously reticulate. Flowering is in spring and summer. Occasional, in fresh-brackish swamps or inland along artesian bore drains. Date: 21 March 2012, 14:13. Source: Bolboschoenus caldwellii habit2. Author: Harry Rose from Dungog, Australia. Camera location32° 22′ 06.89″ S, 152° 28′ 40.62″ EView all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap - Google Earth-32.368580; 152.477949.
Summary[edit] Bolboschoenus maritimus. Description: Deutsch: Gewöhnliche Strandsimse (Bolboschoenus maritimus) in den Horststückern im Landschaftsschutzgebiet Hockenheimer Rheinbogen. Place of discovery: Hockenheimer Rheinbogen. Date: 16 May 2015. Photographer: AnRo0002. Source: Own work.
Summary[edit] Description: English: Bolboschoenus robustus at Stone Lagoon in Humboldt County, N California. Date: 21 September 2016, 05:21:35. Source: Own work. Author: Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.
Summary[edit] Description: Native warm-season perennial erect sedge 1-2 m tall and with long creeping rhizomes and woody tubers. Stems are 5-10 mm diameter and 3-sided. Leaves are to 12mm wide. Flowerheads have 6-9 branches, each with 1-6 brown spikelets to 2.5cm long. Flowers from spring to summer. Widespread in shallow water of creek edges and open swamps. Will grow out of water in higher rainfall areas. Palatable when young and leafy, but not when mature. Provides relatively low-digestibility feed, but can have high protein levels. Appears to be susceptible to continuous grazing and trampling. Often forms dense stands outside grazed paddocks, which are used as shelter by many native waterbirds, mammals, etc. Generally will not spread into deeper water. Don’t graze below the waterline in autumn. Date: 26 June 2016, 21:37. Source: Bolboschoenus fluviatilis flowerhead1 NC. Author: Harry Rose from Dungog, Australia. Camera location 31° 06′ 35″ S, 152° 55′ 08.29″ E: View all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap - Google Earth: -31.109721; 152.918969.