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Synonymy: Parmotrema chinense (Osbeck) Hale & Ahti, Imbricaria perlata (Huds.) Krb., Parmelia ciliata (DC.) Nyl., Parmelia perlata (Huds.) Ach., Parmotrema trichotera (Hue) M. Choisy, Platysma perlatum (Huds.) Frege, - Habitat: dense macchia next to a dirt path; slightly inclined terrain, west aspect; sunny, warm, dry place; calcareous ground; partly protected from direct rain by canopies; average precipitations ~ 900-1000 mm/year, average temperature 13-15 deg C, elevations 100 m (340 feet), sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: Dead Fraxinus ornus branch. Comment: Parmotrema perlatum is a common lichen on island Krk. It prefers branches of Quercus sp. trees; however, the specimen photographed was found on Fraxinus ornus branches and twigs. It is a sensitive species to pollution hence it is much rarer in populated regions of industrialized countries and already regionally extinct in some parts of Europe. Its lobes are thin, very wavy, with abundant soralia and scarce black cilia at the margins. Underside is black with simple rhizines in the center and tan-colored and bare at margins. Apothecia are generally considered very rare; however, this was not the case for this observation. The species has been traditionally used for medical purposes in India as a diuretic and headache relief. It has proven sedative and antibiotic effects (Ref.5). Many specimens have been observed at the place of this observation. Pictures show the lichen in moist state (except picture 1. in dry state). Ref.: (1) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 310. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.2., Ulmer (1995), p 678. (3) http://dryades.units.it/italic/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=1599 (accessed May 19. 2018) (4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 662. (5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 493.
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Slo.: ? - syn.: Callopisma rupestre f. incrustans (DC.) Walt. Watson, Caloplaca incrustans (DC.) Flagey, Lecanora incrustans (DC.) Ach., Lecidea incrustans (DC.) Chevall., Lecidea incrustans (DC.) Chevall. - Habitat: man made stone wall delimiting former pastures now partly overgrown with bushes and trees; slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; calcareous ground; partly in shade; relatively dry and warm place; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 580 m (1.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: +/- vertical hard calcareous rock surface. - Comment: Genus Protoblastenia is comprised by lichens living on rock (saxicolous). Their thallus is crustose or grows within solid rock (endolithic) or it is something in between these two options. These lichens have usually yellow, orange or red apothecia and simple cell spores (Ref.:3). Their similarity to Caloplaca species on macroscopic level causes frequent confusions. However, Caloplaca species have two celled spores (septate spores), which distinguish them from Protoblastenia species with certainty. - Protoblastenia incrustans is a common lichen, but it is certainly many times overlooked. Namely, thallus is usually endolithic and consequently hard to be seen. Its apothecia are very small, from only 200 to 500 microns in diameter (Ref.:3) and can also hardly be seen by naked eye in spite of the fact that they are bright yellow-orange color. Characteristically, its apothecia sit in small pits in the rock. Their surface is from slightly concave to slightly convex shape, most of them are nearly flat. This species is an arctic-alpine element (Ref.:5). - Ref.: (1) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 364. (2) http://www.dorsetnature.co.uk/pages-lichen/lch-387.html (accessed 28.2.2018) (3) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society,(2009), p 750. (4) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 773. (5) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 586.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: a group of trees in an alpine meadow near mixed wood-side, sun exposure 40%, E orientation, flat ground, precipitations > 3.000 mm/year, partly protected from direct rain, air humidity medium to high, alpine phytogeographical region. Substrata: Salix sp. bark, 1.5 m above ground, E oriented Determination uncertain, possibly Ramalina fastigiata
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Slo.: napihnjena hipogimnija - syn.: Parmelia physodes (L.) Ach., Menegazzia physodes (L.) Navs, - Habitat: mountain pasture with a standalone group of three Larix decidua trees, slightly inclined mountain slope, southeast aspect; open, sunny, relatively warm place; calcareous colluvial, skeletal ground; partly protected from direct rain precipitations by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevations 600 m (1.970 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: thin dry branch of Larix decidua. Comment: Hypogymnia physodes is one of the most common lichens in the region. In Trenta valley one can find it most often on branches and trunks of conifers, particularly of solitary or in small group standing Larix decidua trees. Sometimes the trees appear grayish from far because of it. It grows almost everywhere on different substrata including trees, rocks, moss, heather stems, etc.. Because it is present almost everywhere and medium sensitive for air pollution, it plays a major role in such studies. It excellently 'measures' air pollution with heavy metals. My pictures show the lichen in almost dry state, however, the Picture 2 shows the same specimen as the Picture 1, but after a rainy day. The color of the lichen changes significantly from bluish to greenish. Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil.1., Ulmer (1995), p 428. (2) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland, The British Lichen Society, (2009), p 438. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 192.
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Habitat: light mixed wood, predominantly Picea abies, partly shade, partly protected against direct rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 960 m (3.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil with rotten wood debris and Picea abies needles. Ref: V. Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer (2000), p57. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p254.
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Syn.: Parmelia flaventior Stirt., Parmelia kernstockii Lynge & Zahlbr. - Habitat: former mountain pastures with scattered trees and bushes; slightly inclined terrain, south aspect; colluvial, calcareous ground; full sun, dry place; elevation 600 m (1.950 feet); average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: bark of medium to small size branches of (almost) stand-alone, recently cut down Juglans regia. - Comment: Flavopunctelia flaventior is a beautiful lichen, which seems to be quite rare in Slovenia. According to Ogris (2018) Ref.: 6 there are only three UTM squares known in the country where it has been found and registered. None of these finds lay in Alpine phytogeographical region of the country. However, GBIF- Austria, Ref.: 8 states a find in Bavica valley, which is in Alpine region and not far from this observation. The lichen is also rare in the region directly west of Posoje in NE Italy Ref.: 5 and also in Germany (Ref.: 7 and Ref.:1). It is interesting that this species appears more and more frequent during last few decades according to Ref.:1. - Flavopunctelia flaventior can be recognized by slightly wrinkled upper surface od lobes with white, faintly reticulated pseudocyphellae and numerous, laminal and marginal soralia. Lower surface is dark in the thallus center with dark, short, simple rhizines and much lighter in color and without rhizines at the thallus margins. Only two specimens have been found on this tree. - Ref.: (1) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wrttembergs, Teil. 2., Ulmer (1995), p 647. (2) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 317. (3) https://www.thm.de/lse/fachbereich/team/professoren/singlearticle/13-94-Kirschbaum/212-x.html (accessed March 27. 2018) (4) http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/lichensC/flavopunctelia_flaventior.html (accessed March 29. 2018) (5) http://dryades.units.it/italic/index.php?procedure=taxonpage&num=989 (accessed March 29. 2018) (6) N. Ogris (ed), Boletus informaticus, Slovenian Forestry Institute http://www.zdravgozd.si/bi_index.aspx (accessed March 29. 2018) (7) http://www.flechten-deutschland.de/organismen/flavopunctelia-flaventior-stirt-hale#prettyPhoto (accessed March 29. 2018) (8) http://www.gbif.at/ms/gbif/gbif/gbif_datenportal/gibf_suchearten/ (accessed March 29. 2018) (9) U. Suppan, J. Prugger, H. Mayrhofer, Lichen biodiversity in Slovenia, Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia, http://members.chello.at/johannes.pruegger/uni/slovenia/ (accessed March 29. 2018)
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Slo.: kladonija
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Habitat: wood-side of mixed forest mainly Picea abies, Fagus Sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, narrow alpine valley, half shadow, humid air, partially protected against direct rain, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-9 deg C, elevation 660 m (2.200 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: mossy soil. Ref.: V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten und Moose, Ulmer (2000), p52 V.Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembers, Ulmer (1995), Vol.1., p327 I.Dobson, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnof, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p255.
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Slo.: ? - Habitat: Stony open upland pasture, fully wind, sun and precipitations exposed, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 0-2 deg C, altitude 1.960 m (6.400 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: soil.
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Slo.: ? Habitat: A group of trees in an alpine meadow close to mixed wood-side, flat ground, air humidity medium to high, partly protected from direct rain, in shadow of the tree canopy otherwise sunny, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, 6-8 average temperature degC, 1.8 m above ground, altitude 960 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: bark of Salix sp. branches and trunk. Ch.: cortex K+ yellow, Soralia K+ yellow
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